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11/04/2012<br />
Personal Rotinonhsón:ni Stories<br />
War of 1812<br />
Indigenous Knowledge<br />
Centre<br />
Six Nations Polytechnic<br />
On this occasion we lost two Cayuga<br />
Chiefs, one Onondaga warrior and two<br />
Oneidas killed besides several<br />
wounded.<br />
COLONEL WILLIAM CLAUS<br />
December 14, 1813<br />
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11/04/2012<br />
• Turtle Clan, Mohawk<br />
Nation (1794 – 1832)<br />
• Said to have been<br />
under <strong>the</strong> guidance<br />
of Capt. Jacobs, a<br />
well trained warrior,<br />
at Queenston<br />
Heights.<br />
• Was at Beaver Dams,<br />
Chippawa, Lundy’s<br />
Lane and Fort Erie.<br />
• Given Chief’s title<br />
Tekarihó:ken .<br />
• British Lieutenant Francis Hall wrote in 1816:<br />
• "a fine young man, of gentlemanlike appearance, who<br />
used <strong>the</strong> English language agreeably and correctly,<br />
dressing in <strong>the</strong> English fashion, excepting only <strong>the</strong><br />
moccasins of his Indian habit."<br />
• In 1819 James Buchanan, British consul general to<br />
New York (1817 to 1825) reported that John’s<br />
mo<strong>the</strong>r, Adonwentishon, disapproved of his<br />
conforming so much to <strong>the</strong> habits and customs of<br />
<strong>the</strong> English. Brant is quoted:<br />
• “I might have married a fine English lady. I was<br />
thought something of <strong>the</strong>re, even by <strong>the</strong> nobility. I was<br />
considered almost a king. But to . . . bring her here and<br />
let her see <strong>the</strong> degraded state of <strong>the</strong> people that I ruled,<br />
would have broken her heart.”<br />
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11/04/2012<br />
• Appointed Superintendent of <strong>the</strong> Six Nations in 1827.<br />
• Became Mohawk Chief Tekarihogen in 1830 and Elected<br />
to Provincial Parliament for Haldimand County in 1832.<br />
• Chiefs gave him this belt warning him to be careful about<br />
what path he was on. He died shortly after.<br />
• Hero or Instigator?<br />
• Half Cherokee and<br />
half Scottish, adopted<br />
Mohawk.<br />
• He defies <strong>the</strong> Peace<br />
Chiefs.<br />
• He defies <strong>the</strong> Indian<br />
Department.<br />
• He fades into history.<br />
Portrait of Major John Norton (Teyoninhokarawen)<br />
Painted by Solomon Williams around 1805, Canadian<br />
War Museum<br />
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11/04/2012<br />
three or four stand near & sing a particular tune which is accompanied by<br />
<strong>the</strong> drums; <strong>the</strong>y <strong>the</strong>n get up in pairs & represent a battle; <strong>the</strong>y first<br />
advance leaping from side to side with astonishing rapidity, this kind of zigzag<br />
motion is to prevent <strong>the</strong> adversary from taking a settled aim with his<br />
rifle. . . . I observed when Mr. Norton danced that his whole appearance<br />
was instantly changed - instead of being mild and humane, his<br />
countenance assumed a most savage & terrific look; he sprang forward to<br />
seize his enemy with amazing ferocity; <strong>the</strong> action was both manly &<br />
graceful.<br />
Charles Allanson, Lord Headly, 1805<br />
(War Dance: Henry Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of <strong>the</strong> United States, Vol. 1, 1884)<br />
Portrait of Major Norton, <strong>the</strong> Mohawk Chief<br />
Teyoninhokarawen Ma<strong>the</strong>r Brown, c. 1805<br />
Yale Center for British Arts<br />
Bust of Mohawk Indian by Sempronius Stretton<br />
June 30, 1804<br />
National Archives of Canada, Acc. No. 1990-336-1.13V<br />
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RED JACKET, Henry Inman, c.1823, Albany Institute of History and Art<br />
We are not of <strong>the</strong> same Nations only, but of<br />
<strong>the</strong> same Families also. We <strong>the</strong>refore ought<br />
to be united and become one Body….<br />
We seriously recommend that .... you pay due<br />
attention to your Women, who by our<br />
ancient customs have a voice in bringing up<br />
our Young people to <strong>the</strong> practice of truth and<br />
industry.<br />
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11/04/2012<br />
• A.k.a Onondaga George<br />
or Capt. Sam George.<br />
• Without rest or sleep,<br />
he ran 150 miles from<br />
Buffalo to Canandaigua<br />
and back, to bring an<br />
important message to<br />
<strong>the</strong> American army.<br />
• Elected Vice President<br />
for New York<br />
delegation at 1855 War<br />
of 1812 Reunion in DC.<br />
• Well over 100 Oneidas (out of a total<br />
population of some 650) fought on <strong>the</strong><br />
American side during <strong>the</strong> war.<br />
• 14 year-old warrior known as “Leaning<br />
Body,” later to be called Daniel Bread, along<br />
with Tekaytilu (Tega-wir-tiron or<br />
Tekawyati:ron), Henry Cornelius, Adam<br />
Skenandoah and Peter Elm (Pagan Peter)<br />
fought at <strong>the</strong> Battle of Big Sandy Creek.<br />
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11/04/2012<br />
“Bread a chief of his people,” George Catlin,<br />
1831 (Smithsonian American Art Museum,<br />
1985.66.270)<br />
“Oneida Chief Daniel Bread,” Samuel Brookes<br />
and Thomas Stevenson 1856, (Wisconsin<br />
Historical Museum)<br />
• At age of 17, he was<br />
first Seneca warrior to<br />
enlist and fight for<br />
<strong>the</strong> United States,<br />
under <strong>the</strong> leadership<br />
of Little Billy and<br />
Farmer's Bro<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
• Severely wounded in<br />
<strong>the</strong> shoulder, he<br />
continued to fight for<br />
<strong>the</strong> remainder of <strong>the</strong><br />
war.<br />
• Fa<strong>the</strong>r of Ely S. and<br />
Caroline Parker<br />
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11/04/2012<br />
• Warriors from <strong>the</strong> Onondaga Nation, <strong>the</strong> capital<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Confederacy, were led by Hoh-a-hoa-qua,<br />
(Capt. La Fort), and fought at Chippawa and<br />
served as scouts at Lundy's Lane.<br />
• Ho-ha-hoa-qua (“He Lived With Them”) was<br />
killed at Battle of Chippawa on July 6, 1814.<br />
• His 20 year-old son, Abram La Forte (De-hat-katons<br />
– Looking All Over) was by his fa<strong>the</strong>r’s side<br />
and carried his body from <strong>the</strong> field.<br />
• Abram latter became <strong>the</strong> Onondaga FireKeeper.<br />
• Cornelius Doxtator, an Oneida chief, was pursued by five or<br />
six mounted Wyandots. They passed near him, and<br />
knowing well <strong>the</strong> Indian rules of warfare, he stood erect and<br />
firm, looking <strong>the</strong>m full in <strong>the</strong> face; <strong>the</strong>y passed him<br />
unharmed. Doxtater was shot just as he leaped a fence near<br />
by, upon which <strong>the</strong> Wyandots wheeled and rode off<br />
• (Clark 1849 1:340).<br />
• Doxtator was shot, when a Chippawa ran up, tomahawked<br />
& scalped him; & with o<strong>the</strong>rs, captured Doxtator's two boys,<br />
Daniel and George, respectively 17 & 15, who were near<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir fa<strong>the</strong>r. But some Oneidas shot <strong>the</strong> Chippawa as he was<br />
clambering a fence, tomahawked & scalped him, &<br />
recovered <strong>the</strong> prisoner boys.<br />
• (Draper: 200)<br />
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11/04/2012<br />
• A.k.a Thiathoharongouan,<br />
meaning “his body is taken<br />
down from hanging”<br />
• “He unhangs himself from<br />
<strong>the</strong> group ”<br />
• “One who pulls down <strong>the</strong><br />
people”<br />
• Also known as Black Louis,<br />
Half Abenaki and Half<br />
American-American.<br />
Sketch by John Trumbull, 1785 (Yale University Art Gallery)<br />
Detail from John Trumbull's The Death of General<br />
Montgomery in <strong>the</strong> Attack on Quebec, December<br />
31, 1775 (Yale University Art Gallery)<br />
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11/04/2012<br />
• “He has made <strong>the</strong> mist disappear for<br />
<strong>the</strong>m” or “Disappearing of <strong>the</strong> Indian<br />
summer mist".<br />
• Bear Clan, Lower Mohawk<br />
• At 21 years-old, he set a building on<br />
fire in Buffalo in 1813.<br />
• Was given a special medal “in<br />
recognition of your loyalty in battling<br />
for your people even as your<br />
ancestors battled for <strong>the</strong> British<br />
Crown” given to him by Prince<br />
Edward, Duke of Kent and<br />
Stra<strong>the</strong>arn.<br />
• Appointed by <strong>the</strong> Crown as Speaker<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Six Nations.<br />
Reading Wampum 1871 (Woodland Museum)<br />
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11/04/2012<br />
Pauline Johnson (1861-1913)<br />
• “This was by Col. Claus on behalf of <strong>the</strong><br />
Canadian Government, after he had studied <strong>the</strong><br />
wampum records, at which he must have been<br />
looking and understood <strong>the</strong>ir significance. It<br />
was given as a token that <strong>the</strong> government<br />
would never force <strong>the</strong> Indians to change <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
customs.”<br />
• Chief John Buck, Wampum Keeper, July 20, 1887<br />
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July 1882 - Surviving Six Nations warriors who fought with <strong>the</strong> British in <strong>the</strong> War<br />
of 1812 (Library and Archives Canada / C-085127)<br />
John Smoke<br />
Johnson,<br />
born ca.<br />
1792<br />
Young<br />
Warner,<br />
born ca.<br />
1794<br />
John Tutela, born ca. 1797<br />
Seneca Veterans of <strong>the</strong> War of 1812, John L.D. Mathies oil painting, 1820<br />
Ne-gun-ne-au-goh (Beaver); Se-gous-ken-ace (I like her); Teki-cue-doga (Two Guns); Sta-cute (Steep Rock); Senung-gis<br />
(Long Horns, <strong>the</strong> Chief) and Ne-gui-e-et-twafaaue (Little Bear) - Memorial Art Gallery<br />
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Tommy Jimmy, by Col. Wm. Wilgus, c1840<br />
Dartmouth College<br />
• Sho-nauk-ga-nes,<br />
or, Sonoongise<br />
• Tommy Jimmy<br />
toured England in<br />
1818-1819.<br />
• Tommy Jemmy,<br />
Black Squirrel, and<br />
Teki-cue-doga<br />
("Two Guns“) were<br />
veterans of <strong>the</strong> war.<br />
• Performance of<br />
pantomimes of<br />
making war and<br />
making peace.<br />
• At Royal Opera<br />
House <strong>the</strong>y met<br />
Queen Victoria.<br />
• “Earth that Upholds<br />
Itself”<br />
• She served as a cook, 14<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs were known to<br />
have served in <strong>the</strong> same<br />
capacity: Julia John<br />
(Seneca), Susan Jacob<br />
(Onondaga), Poly<br />
Cooper (Oneida) and<br />
Dolly Schenandoah<br />
(Oneida)<br />
• She was eccentric, kind<br />
hearted, simple and frank<br />
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11/04/2012<br />
• Her husband served in<br />
two different units: Tall<br />
John’s company of New<br />
York Indians; Capt Cold’s<br />
(Ut-ha-wah) company of<br />
New York Militia.<br />
• He went off to battle four<br />
times at Chippewa, Fort<br />
Erie and was wounded at<br />
Lundy’s Lane.<br />
• She sought her widow’s pension for decades.<br />
• A 1871 law required her to swear allegiance to<br />
<strong>the</strong> US Constitution in order to get her pension,<br />
which she refused to do.<br />
• Her application was turned down. Congress<br />
passed a new law in 1878 that removed <strong>the</strong><br />
loyalty oath requirement.<br />
• A year before she died she finally received her<br />
$8 per month, with a $400 back payment. She<br />
died in 1883.<br />
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11/04/2012<br />
To make our Friendship lasting, we put <strong>the</strong> Tomahawk<br />
<strong>the</strong> depth of a Pine Tree under ground; and that it may not<br />
be removed we place over it a Tree that <strong>the</strong> roots may so<br />
cover it that it cannot be found again.<br />
We condole with you from <strong>the</strong> bottom of our hearts for<br />
<strong>the</strong> loss of your friends, and wipe <strong>the</strong> tears from your eyes,<br />
we open your throats so no obstruction shall remain, that<br />
you may speak your mind freely and with <strong>the</strong> same<br />
friendship which formerly existed between us, as we now<br />
in <strong>the</strong> name of <strong>the</strong> Nations already mentioned address you<br />
as friends.<br />
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