Complete issue - IMA Fungus

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FORTHCOMING MEETINGS Fungal Interactions [organized with the British Mycological Society] 3–6 September 2012 Alicante University, Spain 2 nd Annual World Congress on Marine Biotechnology (WCMB-2012) 20–23 September 2012 World Expo Center, Dalian, China Contact: Doris Han, East Area F11 Building 1, Dalian Ascendas IT Park, 1 Hui Xian Yuan, Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Zone, LN 116025, China; doris@bit-ibio.com 2013 10 th International Congress of Plant Pathology 25–31 August 2013 Beijing, China 2014 10 th International Mycological Congress (IMC10) 3–8 August 2014 Bangkok Convention Center, Bangkok, Thailand Contact: Lekha Manoch; e-mail: agrlkm@ku.ac.th IUMS XIV International Congress of Mycology [with the Congresses of Bacteriology and Applied Microbiology, and also Virology] 27 July–1 August 2014 Montreal, Canada Contact: e-mail: iums3014@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca NOTICE IMA Fungus is compiled and edited by David L. Hawksworth (Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid) on behalf of the Executive Committee of the International Mycological Association. All unsigned items in the journal may be attributed to, him. Items for consideration for inclusion in all sections of the journal should be submitted to David at d.hawksworth@nhm.ac.uk. Books for possible coverage in the Book News section should be mailed to: IMA Fungus, Milford House, The Mead, Ashtead, Surrey KT21 2LZ, UK. (68) ima fUNGUS
doi:10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.02.01 IMA Fungus · volume 2 · no 2: 113–120 One Fungus = One Name: DNA and fungal nomenclature twenty years after PCR John W. Taylor ARTICLE University of California Berkeley, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA; e-mail: jtaylor@berkeley.edu Abstract: Some fungi with pleomorphic life-cycles still bear two names despite more than 20 years of molecular phylogenetics that have shown how to merge the two systems of classification, the asexual “Deuteromycota” and the sexual “Eumycota”. Mycologists have begun to flout nomenclatorial regulations and use just one name for one fungus. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) must change to accommodate current practice or become irrelevant. The fundamental difference in the size of fungi and plants had a role in the origin of dual nomenclature and continues to hinder the development of an ICBN that fully accommodates microscopic fungi. A nomenclatorial crisis also looms due to environmental sequencing, which suggests that most fungi will have to be named without a physical specimen. Mycology may need to break from the ICBN and create a MycoCode to account for fungi known only from environmental nucleic acid sequence (i.e. ENAS fungi). Key words: Amsterdam Declaration ENAS MycoCode nomenclature pleomorphic fungi Article info: Submitted: 8 June 2011; Accepted: 15 June 2011; Published: 12 July 2011. INTRODUCTION It has been a bit over two decades since the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) changed evolutionary biology in general and fungal systematics in particular. Even before PCR became generally available, mycologists realized that the evolutionary record contained in the nucleic acid sequence of every fungus could be used to merge two systems of nomenclature that had been employed in most fungi, i. e. one for the “Eumycota” based on sexual morphology and the “Deuteromycota” based on all other morphologies (Berbee & Taylor 1992, Bruns et al. 1991, Guadet et al. 1989, Reynolds & Taylor 1992). Why, then, has it taken more than two decades for nomenclature to catch up with biology, and why is the possibility of nomenclatorial rapprochement now being taken seriously? These questions, and three others posed to the participants in this symposium will be the subject of this contribution: Does DNA sequencing make dual nomenclature superfluous? Can the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) (McNeill et al. 2006) be modified to enable this process, or would a MycoCode be more effective? How can the mycological community get rid of the legacy of dual nomenclature and Article 59 without nomenclatural chaos? Two examples illustrate the practical problems raised by dual nomenclature. First, this year, while serving as a member of a governmental committee researching the use of mycoherbicides to eradicate drug crops, it fell to me to explain the nomenclature of two poppy pathogens that are sister species, one named as a teleomorph Crivellia papaveracea and the other as an anamorph, Brachycladium papaveris (Inderbitzin et al. 2006) (Fig. 1). The fifteen other members of the committee, eleven academics and four very knowledgeable staff, stared at me in disbelief when I said that sister species could have different generic names. Second, together with Tom Bruns, I have been directing research about fungi that naturally decay plants proposed as sources of lignocellulose for the production of biofuels. In the course of this work, we have sequenced ITS using DNA isolated from the decaying grasses and compared the sequences to those deposited in GenBank. Often, a single sequence will be attached to two names; you guessed it, it’s the same fungus with some GenBank sequences having been deposited under the teleomorph name and others under the anamorph name. Perpetuation of dual nomenclature when we have the means to abandon it is hindering mycology, both scientifically and socially. Dual nomenclature has persisted for the past 20 years because few mycologists are deeply interested in both molecular phylogenetics and nomenclature. One Fungus = One Name has gained momentum, as evidenced by this conference, because mycologists who are studying the Dedication: Dedicated to Don Reynolds, mycological iconoclast, whose sabbatical visit to Berkeley from the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History more than 20 years ago stimulated thought about One Fungus = One Name. © 2011 International Mycological Association You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. volume 2 · no. 2 113
Page 1 and 2: T h e G l o b a l M y c o l o g i c
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Editorial One Fungus One Name: a pl
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