Handbook Part 2 - International Mycological Association
Handbook Part 2 - International Mycological Association
Handbook Part 2 - International Mycological Association
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PS4PS3 - 0117<br />
Australian Smut Fungi (Ustilaginomycetes), As Surprising And Diverse As The Continent Itself<br />
K. Vánky, R.G. Shivas<br />
1 Herbarium Ustilaginales Vánky (HUV), Tuebingen, Germany, 2 Queensland Department of Primary Industries and<br />
Fisheries, Plant Pathology Herbarium, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia<br />
About half of the 290 known species of Australian smut fungi are endemic. The great ecological and morphological<br />
diversity of these endemic species is demonstrated by illustrating and considering some selected examples, including<br />
Websdanea lyginiae (on Lyginia), as well as some of the 20 known Restiosporium species that parasitise members of<br />
the ‘southern rushes’ (Restionaceae), which are represented in Australia by over 170 species. Two of the four known<br />
species of Yelsemia, Y. arthropodii (on Arthropodium, Liliaceae) and Y. lowrieana (on Byblis, Byblidaceae) are also<br />
endemic in Australia, as well as the unispecific Fulvisporium (on Stipa, Poaceae) and Pseudotracya (on Ottelia,<br />
Hydrocharitaceae). The type species of the genus Heterotolyposporium, H. lepidospermae (on Lepidosperma,<br />
Cyperaceae) is known only from Australia, as is the type species of the genus Entylomaster, E. typhonii (on Typhonium,<br />
Araceae). Farysporium endortrichum (on Gahnia, Cyperaceae) is known only from Australia and New Zealand. The<br />
diversity of the Australian smut fungi is further illustrated by consideration of endemic species in the genera Entorrhiza<br />
(E. globigena, E. seminarii), Dermatosorus (D. schoenoplecti), Macalpinomyces (M. eriachnes), Moreaua (M.<br />
gymnoschoenii), Urocystis (U. chorizandrae), Sporisorium (S. paraneurachnis), and Ustilago (U. xerochloae, U. triodiae,<br />
and U. lituana).<br />
PS4PS5 - 0217<br />
The expanding realm of the Sebacinales: basidiomycetes involved in a uniquely wide spectrum of<br />
mycorrhizal associations<br />
M Weiß1, S Setaro1, M-A Selosse 2, F Oberwinkler 1<br />
1 Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, 2 Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France<br />
Within the basidiomycetes, the vast majority of known mycorrhizal species are homobasidiomycetes. It was therefore<br />
surprising that during the past years molecular and ultrastructural studies revealed a broad diversity of mycorrhizal<br />
associations involving members of the recently described heterobasidiomycetous order Sebacinales. It became<br />
evident that members of this order are involved in a wide spectrum of mycorrhizal types: ectomycorrhizas, orchid<br />
mycorrhizas (with autotrophic, mixotrophic or myco-heterotrophic orchids), mycorrhizas involving ericalean hosts, and<br />
also in associations with liverworts of the derived group of the Jungermanniales, which resemble mycorrhizas at the<br />
cellular level (jungermannioid ‘mycorrhizas‘). A comparably broad diversity of mycorrhizal associations is known from<br />
no other fungal group.<br />
Sebacinales have recently also gained increasing interest because there is clear evidence from in vitro experiments<br />
with Piriformospora indica, an anomorphic member of the Sebacinales, that the interaction of fungi of this group with<br />
plant roots enhances growth, seed production and resistance against fungal pathogens in a phylogenetically wide<br />
range of host plants.<br />
Sebacinales are phylogenetically divided in two distinct subgroups (informally designated as subgroups A and B),<br />
which correlates with the distribution of mycorrhizal types in which their members are involved. Ectomycorrhizal fungi<br />
(and, correspondingly, mycobionts of mixotrophic and myco-heterotrophic orchids) have only been detected in<br />
group A, whereas fungi involved in ericoid or cavendishioid mycorrhizas (a recently described mycorrhizal type found<br />
in certain epiphytic or hemiepiphytic Ericaceae) or in associations with liverworts as well as mycobionts of autotrophic<br />
orchids have only been found in group B. Basidiome-forming members are known only from group A. Teleomorphic<br />
individuals of group B have all been assigned to the Sebacina vermifera species complex.<br />
We give an overview over the present knowledge concerning morphology and phylogenetic placement of the<br />
Sebacinales, present the results of new molecular phylogenetic analyses based on a comprehensive dataset of<br />
sebacinalean nuclear DNA sequences coding for the large ribosomal subunit (nrLSU), which includes many<br />
environmental sequences, and discuss conclusions from our molecular analysis related to ecology and evolution of<br />
the Sebacinales.<br />
PS4PS6 -0093<br />
Molecular phylogeny of Verticillium fungicola reveals its affinity with the genus Lecanicillium<br />
R. Zare, W. Gams<br />
1 Dept. of Botany, Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute and Dept. of Plant Pathology, Science and Research<br />
Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, 2 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands<br />
Verticillium section Albo-erecta was characterised by well-differentiated, erect conidiophores with verticillate<br />
arrangement of the phialides and mainly comprising fungicolous species. It was typified with V. fungicola (Gams &<br />
van Zaayen 1982). A large number of isolates around this species have been studied morphologically and molecularly<br />
(sequences of ITS regions and the small subunit ribosomal DNA). The isolates were also examined for their optimum<br />
growth temperature at eight different temperatures with three-degree intervals. According to ITS sequences, V.<br />
fungicola is close to the genus Lecanicillium W. Gams & Zare. Lecanicillium was characterized by having prostrate<br />
conidiophores including mainly entomogenous and also fungicolous species formerly classified under Verticillium. The<br />
value of temperature differences to separate the three varieties, fungicola, flavidum and aleophilum, is re-examined<br />
and compared with molecular findings which suggests raising the varieties to species level. The three varieties are<br />
indistinguishable based on their morphology, but they can sharply be separated based on maximum and optimum<br />
temperatures in addition to the ITS region. Other species formerly accommodated in sect. Albo-erecta are unrelated<br />
and require different generic classification.<br />
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