An assessment of the causes of malnutrition in Ethiopia: A ...

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Stunting among children under-five, by region..............................................................................2
Figure 1.2: Global conceptual framework of the causes of malnutrition........................................................3
Figure 1.3: Intergenerational link of malnutrition...............................................................................................7
Figure 3.1: Nutrition and food security: two-way linkage...............................................................................42
Figure 3.2: Per capita food production and production gap – 1980/81 to 2002/03. ....................................48
Figure 3.3: Per capita food production by major region – 1996/97 to 2003/04. ..........................................51
Figure 4.1: Risk of death in infants 3 to 12 months of age due to diarrhea by infant feeding
method, Brazil. ...........................................................................................................................................85
Figure 4.2: Prenatal and postnatal clinic utilization and chronic energy deficiency among women
aged 15 to 49, by region............................................................................................................................87
Figure 4.3: Factors that affect the relationship of the caregiver and the child .............................................89
Figure 4.4: Breastfeeding as a package of care addressing the three underlying causes of
malnutrition.................................................................................................................................................90
Figure 4.5: The vicious cycle of HIV/AIDS and malnutrition........................................................................91
Figure 4.6: Virtuous cycle of nutritional care and HIV/AIDS ........................................................................92
Figure 4.7: Risk of mother to child transmission of HIV. ...............................................................................93
Figure 4.8: The extended mo del of care. ............................................................................................................97
Figure 4.9: The Triple-A cycle. ..........................................................................................................................100
Figure 4.10: Model of the stages of behavior change.....................................................................................100
Figure 4.11: Stunting, wasting, and underweight prevalence in preschoolers in Ethiopia, by age. .......102
Figure 4.12: Trends in malnutrition in under-fives in Ethiopia, 1982-2000...............................................102
Figure 4.13: Prevalence of stunting and wasting among under-fives, by region.......................................103
Figure 4.14: Feeding Practices in Ethiopian Infants < 6 mo .........................................................................103
Figure 4.15: Feeding practices of children 6-9 months in Ethiopia. ............................................................104
Figure 4.16: Contributions of underlying determinants to reductions in child underweight, 1970-
95, 16 developing countries...................................................................................................................105
Figure 4.17: Community based nutrition operational nexus .........................................................................127
Figure 5.1: Framework for the determinants of sanitation in Ethiopia ........................................................148
Figure 5.2: Trends in safe drinking water coverage in Ethiopia, 1970 - 2002...........................................151
Figure 5.3: Trends in latrine coverage in Ethiopia, 1970 – 2002. ................................................................152
LIST OF BOXES
Box 3.1: Interventions and issues proposed for the formulation and implementation of Ethiopia’s
National Nutrition Strategy......................................................................................................................63
Box 4.1: Factors affecting nutritional status at different stages of a woman’s life .....................................83
Box 4.2: Reasons why PLWHA are vulnerable to nutritional insecurity .....................................................91
Box 4.3: Feeding options currently recommended by WHO/UNICEF (2003)............................................93
Box 5.1: Household and Community Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses ...........................142
Box 5.2: Essential Nutrition Actions for Ethiopia ..........................................................................................143
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