An assessment of the causes of malnutrition in Ethiopia: A ...

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contains a recommendation to revitalize the training and placement of home economists to cater for nutrition, caring, and home management affairs. 3.7.3.4. Nutrition centered training and equipment provision Some key intervention areas are large-scale capacity building efforts in agricultural extension, employment generation through safety net programs, and community involvement in planning and implementing programs and projects geared towards the reduction of poverty and food insecurity. Capacity building interventions via training, equipment provision, as well as establishing infrastructure and facility that help to mitigate poverty, food insecurity, and malnutrition requires deliberate efforts to discharge safety net activities in a planned and coordinated manner. Training of extension staff and community members in a broad range of issues inclusive of planning, technologies, effective use of different resources, management of assets created, organizational and communication skills and performance based evaluation tools, etc, will be instrumental to achieve the intended outcomes and objectives of the MDGs through the NNS. Household focused social mobilization interventions are key instruments in this regard. Past nature conservation and agricultural development efforts were prominently focused on community asset building with insufficient emphasis on household development programmes. The NNS has to focus on households through using effective targeting criteria to cover children, women, and other members of a household. Donors should support programs that lead to a nutrition security. They should seek means to include nutrition in the safety net projects they support. The food aid they give must have a nutrition component and be targeted. They should support capacity building of key institutions that harmonize and coordinate nutrition-related food security programs in the government and non-government sectors. Over 250 woredas were affected by disaster or drought in recent years. Support should be given to all actors involved in the safety net, disaster preparedness, and emergency response activities, broadly within the NCFS initiative. The international community’s contribution should be to assist in the short run to save human life, but ultimately to enable Ethiopia to nourish itself and have a strong footing to sustainably reduce poverty and set itself on a path towards prosperity. Ethiopia's industries, both agricultural and non-agricultural, have to develop and generate income to ensure that the food and non-food needs of the growing population are met. 3.7.3.5. Encourage fortification and investment in food processing Making agricultural research programs nutrition oriented and encompassing a strong component of food processing research is not a sufficient condition to enhance the dietary diversity of rural farm households’ food consumption. Of course, it should not be only at the research center level that food processing is considered. Food processing investments should be encouraged particularly in rural parts of the country. The food processing investment should take into account specific nutritional problems, such as micronutrient disorders, and include quality control to ensure food safety at the community level. Significant investment is required to expand milling and processing facilities and related market infrastructure in rural Ethiopia, particularly to supply commercial micronutrient-fortified foods in order to reduce the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies. Of course, financing food processing plants and rural market infrastructure may not be easy. In this case, donor assistance is timely and highly needed to mitigate important constraining factors particularly related to financia l and technical assistance. Local institutions such as peasant associations, cooperatives, local governments, NGOs and others can support investments in local mills and assist in generating consumer demand for local micronutrientfortified products. In many parts of the country, particularly in the highlands, cereal-based food consumption habits require an urgent expansion in fortification efforts, including the establishment of community based fortification plants. 72
3.7.3.6. Improve rural market infrastructure and facilities Poor rural infrastructure makes movements of food among regions difficult and thus exacerbates the problem because food shortages caused by drought in one region are difficult to remedy through food import from other regions. The nutritional repercussions of seasonal or irregular variations in access to food are severe for the poorer peasants who have very limited ability to cope. Coping could be more difficult where access to wage earning markets is constrained by poor roads and inadequate transport. It is indispensable to put in place market infrastructure and facilities in order to achieve sustained increases in agricultural growth and household income and to increase opportunities for gainful employment via the promotion and nurturing of natural resources and agriculture-based rural agribusiness through entrepreneurship and industrial growth. Improved market infrastructure and facilities reduces economically avoidable losses; reduce transport costs and other market transaction costs. 3.7.3.7. Price and income stabilization for nutrition security Grain price changes bring dietary changes. In many parts of the country when teff price is on the rise, consumers in urban areas start shifting from teff to other grains with no change in their real incomes. The substitution away from teff to other grains often is considerably stronger among the poor than among the better off. One of the critical roles of the food component of the NNS should be to facilitate a flow of real income to poor households through safety net programs, such as public works programs, and subsequently through the expansion of productive assets e.g. land and oxen under the control of the household, as well as production inputs, technical assistance, and fair prices. PAs should be guided to identify members with the above characteristics and assist them with both short and long-run solutions including, if needed, allocation of additional productive resources. The government, through the appropriate agencies, should facilitate training, technical assistance, and credit to adult men and women from such households to enable them to initiate small scale, non-farm, income generating activities in the rural areas where they are located. 3.7.3.8. Improve access to information Information is power and money in today's world. Farmers must have access to and use of this power in order to enhance their income and be food and nutrition secure even if they cannot produce all of what they need to feed their family. The process of information dissemination and support to target groups and locations should involve instruments such as radio; bulletin boards at kebele centers; exchange of experiences during market days, as well creative use of Farmer Training Centers for information. The instruments used should provide information to a wide range of users. Information should be disseminated by communication radio to DAs. Knowledge and information about food and nutrition will also be aired through public radio programs that will make it accessible to a wide audience throughout the country. Generally, issues of food insecurity and malnutrition in the country are poorly linked. There is a strong interdependence among various food production activities in agricultural, agro-pastoral and pastoral areas. Crop production, particularly in highland mixed crop-livestock farming system, is unthinkable without animal farming that provides the main traction and transport power, in addition to supplying byproducts such as milk, meat, manure. Ethiopian farmers rely on technologies that are generated through the national agricultural research system. The technologies and management systems so generated are disseminated through structured information and inputs supply systems, which are parts of the national agricultural extension service. Therefore, the objective in agricultural production in order to build a nutrition secure country is to increase the supply of technological inputs, on the one hand, and to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the services that are responsible for the supply of these services, particularly through the delivery of and access to information. 73
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An assessment of the causes of maln
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• Bantirgu Hailemariam coordinate
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3.4. National and Regional Trends:
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Child stu
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LIST OF ACRONYMS ADLI AGOA AIDS BCC
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Figure 1.1: Stunting among children
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these underlying determinants of th
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experimental body of evidence that
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water can have significant impact o
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2.1. Introduction In the early 1960
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violating the basic tenets presente
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Table 2.3: Regional profile of stun
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A rich food through popularization
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key tenet in the process of identif
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Basic Causes Major Features High im
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Page 36 and 37: Table 2.9: Gross primary enrollment
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Page 40 and 41: • Accept that agricultural develo
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Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3: FOOD SECURITY AND MALNUT
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Page 49 and 50: 3.1. Introduction The economic grow
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Page 55 and 56: households will not be as difficult
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Page 61 and 62: viewed as a proxy for household foo
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.3: Per capita food product
Page 65 and 66: Intermediate means of transport suc
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Page 75 and 76: 3.6.3.5. HIV/AIDS This disease is w
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Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4: CARE AND MALNUTRITION IN
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Page 93 and 94: children between 6 and 24 months. T
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Page 97 and 98: Figure 4.1: Risk of death in infant
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.2: Present discount values
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.3: Factors that affect the
Page 103 and 104: Box 4.2: Reasons why PLWHA are vuln
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.7: Risk of mother to child
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Page 109 and 110: Figure 4.8: The extended model of c
Page 111 and 112: 4.3.1.2. Recognizing symptoms of il
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Page 115 and 116: Figure 4.13: Prevalence of stunting
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Page 119 and 120: 4.3.3.4. Response to food security
Page 121 and 122: 4.3.6. Time and energy expenditure
Page 123 and 124: Table 4.3: Care focused initiatives
Page 125 and 126: together. This demands an integrate
Page 127 and 128: In an emergency, therefore, care an
Page 129 and 130: • Enhance women’s capacity for
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.4: Analysis of care conside
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International initiative Strengths
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• Rate of continued breastfeeding
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Figure 4.17: Community based nutrit
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There is a strong need for enhancin
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supplies. The available facilities
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5.1. Introduction 5.1.1. Conceptual
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access to a basic package of qualit
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Integrating nutrition interventions
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Although the coverage of ENA traini
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Box 5.1: Household and Community In
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The interventions that make up this
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conferences. To this effect, a nati
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with the engineering aspect of wate
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Table 5.1: Prevalence of diarrhea a
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Figure 5.3: Trends in latrine cover
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Institutional arrangements are also
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ehavior are integrated and supplied
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5.4.2. Programs and projects 5.4.2.
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made by NGOs for the affected child
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CHAPTER 6: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
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interventions in Ethiopia, includin
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6.2. Challenges and Lessons Learnt
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Training Post-secondary training is
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Table 6.6: (continued) Agency Inter
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Achievements Challenges Sustainabil
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Berhane G. 1995. Nutrition surveill
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Ethiopian PROFILES Team & AED/Linka
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Middlebrook, P. 2002. Social protec
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Raisin, J. 2001b. Improving food se
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Yamano, T., H. Alderman, & L. Chris
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