An assessment of the causes of malnutrition in Ethiopia: A ...

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consumer markets due to the inadequate road transport infrastructure. Consequently, most horticultural products are wasted in the field. Raw milk farmers are forced to sell to local consumers due to similar problems. As a coping mechanism, they process the surplus to butter and cheese, locally known as Ayib. Since the marketing system is not organized, the sale of milk products by small producers directly to consumers involves high cost distribution and results in a deterioration of milk quality. 3.5. Food Security Policy, Strategy and Programs: A Review 3.5.1. Policy Various policies, strategies, and action plans have been formulated in the past to modernize agriculture and to increase agricultural production to feed at least the human and animal populations in Ethiopia, but none has been very successful. Soon after the overthrow of the Derge regime, the transitional government issued an economic policy document that covered agricultural policy (Demese 2004). In the mid-1990s, the EPRDF government developed, the current economic development policy and strategies and implementation started. This is guided by the Agriculture Development Led Industrialization (ADLI) strategy. ADLI is a strategy for implementation of the national economic development policy; the policy pursues the development of a market economy, in contrast to the socialist economic policy of the Derge regime. Its sectoral strategy document related to the agriculture sector is the Rural Development Policy and Strategies (RDPS 2003). Currently, ADLI’s mid-term program implementation is through the Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP). The RDPS and SDPRP documents are quite specific in describing government’s overriding objectives in “transforming” the Ethiopian agriculture. In the RDPS, the FDRE Government underscores the basic objectives of the nation's economic development endeavors: To build a market economy in which (i) a broad spectrum of the Ethiopian people are beneficiaries; (ii) dependences on food aid is eliminated; and, (iii) rapid economic growth is assured. It is government policy that, to the extent possible, the food insecure should exit from food aid. According to the RDPS document, efficient use of labor, land, and water resources through mixed farming is recommended, especially in the drought-prone areas. Voluntary resettlement is a main feature of government policy towards these areas, ‘according to a wellconceived plan and with well-coordinated government support’. The policy also addresses the need to develop an efficient marketing system. It sees international markets as part of the answer to the stimulation of agricultural development. It also recognizes cooperatives as playing an enhanced role in marketing and in the development of rural finance. In terms of policy, the FDRE government has recently focused on measures that integrate agricultural production to improve and strengthen agricultural markets and marketing at all levels. It has planned to improve the post-harvest technologies that are available to and employed by farmers and to reduce the length of the marketing chain by expanding the role of cooperatives and associated grain unions (RDPS 2003). Furthermore, the RDPS states that rapid economic development is to be ensured through agriculture- led and rural-centered development. Currently, the government’s response to the challenges of agricultural transformation and rural development for poverty reduction is to provide extensive technical, vocational education and training in agriculture (TVET). The agricultural TVET has three components: (i) middle level vocational training; (ii) farmers training; and (iii) program development. It is considered a cornerstone for implementing the development strategy for the rural economy. It was established to generate 54
educated, environmentally conscious, and entrepreneurial farmers that will enhance food security in a sustainable manner. The specific objective is to create and develop human resource and institutional capacity that would have a desirable impact over the medium and long-term. It is therefore expected to produce middle to junior level skilled and motivated agricultural practitioners who are compatible with higher-level skills and technology. Since its inception and establishment, 25 colleges have been up-graded to a total enrolment capacity of 30,000 students. Over 45,000 students have already been enrolled. Currently about 10,000 students have completed their apprenticeship program. The objective of the middle-level component is to train and produce a skilled labor force that would serve as teachers and development agents in the “Farmers Training Center” (FTC) and as self-employed entrepreneurs. FTCs are expected to provide agricultural extension and information services that can speed up entrepreneurship as well as provide demonstrations for the diffusion of modern technologies and improved practices in agriculture. It is envisaged to establish about 15,000 FTCs throughout the country over the next five years. Three graduates of the Agricultural TVET (in crops, livestock, and natural resources) would be assigned in each FTC. One of the basic objectives of the national economic development policy is to eliminate dependence on food aid. The FDRE government’s expectation is that dependency shall wane as the country raises its capacity to be food self-sufficient, and is able to cope with disasters and natural calamites via development-oriented programs. The projections for disaster preparedness and emergency response are also included as an element of dependency reduction. Disaster preparedness calls for a multi-sectoral and multidisciplinary approaches. The policy on disaster preparedness and emergency response is based on a belief that even in absence of drought, disasters due to flood, landslide, earthquake, and wildfire can hit hard. 3.5.2. Strategies The major strategy document that addresses the food issue in Ethiopia is the Food Security Strategy (FSS) document, which was first published at the end of 1996, and then revised in 2002. Ethiopia’s FSS is based on three pillars: Economic growth and employment, additional entitlement/access and targeted programs, and strengthening of emergency capabilities. The overall aim of the second pillar is the transfer of resources to the vulnerable population, shifting assistance from in-kind to cash, and using self-selection mechanisms wherever possible. Increasing food security in the moisture deficit areas will come through the diversification of livelihood systems, and the farming systems in particular. The overall objective of the food security strategy is to raise the level of food production nationally with a commercial and export orientation and to ensure household food security in the long term not only by production but also by the ability to buy consumables. The strategy document recognizes that while “access” to food is more of an issue related to the income status of an individual and/or a household or a political decision by government, there is a clear requirement for food to be “available” in order to be accessed. This requires an adequate food supply at local markets. The FSS is targeted mainly to the chronically food insecure moisture deficient and pastoral areas. Environmental rehabilitation to reverse the level of degradation and as a source of income generation for food insecure households is a focus of the strategy. Gender, HIV/AIDS, micro-enterprise, capacity building, and the distinction between chronic and acute food insecurity are all recognized as key food security issues. One of the focuses of the FSS is to enhance the food entitlement of the most vulnerable sections of the society. There are three elements: supplementary employment income support schemes; targeted programs for disadvantaged groups; and nutrition interventions. Moreover, the government is committed to strengthen the early warning 55
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An assessment of the causes of maln
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• Bantirgu Hailemariam coordinate
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3.4. National and Regional Trends:
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Child stu
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LIST OF ACRONYMS ADLI AGOA AIDS BCC
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Figure 1.1: Stunting among children
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Page 22 and 23: 2.1. Introduction In the early 1960
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Page 26 and 27: Table 2.3: Regional profile of stun
Page 28 and 29: A rich food through popularization
Page 30 and 31: key tenet in the process of identif
Page 32 and 33: Basic Causes Major Features High im
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Page 36 and 37: Table 2.9: Gross primary enrollment
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Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3: FOOD SECURITY AND MALNUT
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Page 49 and 50: 3.1. Introduction The economic grow
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Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.3: Per capita food product
Page 65: Intermediate means of transport suc
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Page 75 and 76: 3.6.3.5. HIV/AIDS This disease is w
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Page 85 and 86: 3.7.3.6. Improve rural market infra
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Page 93 and 94: children between 6 and 24 months. T
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Page 97 and 98: Figure 4.1: Risk of death in infant
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Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.7: Risk of mother to child
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Page 111 and 112: 4.3.1.2. Recognizing symptoms of il
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Page 115 and 116: Figure 4.13: Prevalence of stunting
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from poor exposure of children to l
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4.3.3.4. Response to food security
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4.3.6. Time and energy expenditure
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Table 4.3: Care focused initiatives
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together. This demands an integrate
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In an emergency, therefore, care an
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• Enhance women’s capacity for
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Table 4.4: Analysis of care conside
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Sector/ Office Strength Weakness Op
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International initiative Strengths
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• Rate of continued breastfeeding
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Figure 4.17: Community based nutrit
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There is a strong need for enhancin
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supplies. The available facilities
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5.1. Introduction 5.1.1. Conceptual
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access to a basic package of qualit
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Integrating nutrition interventions
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Although the coverage of ENA traini
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Box 5.1: Household and Community In
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The interventions that make up this
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conferences. To this effect, a nati
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with the engineering aspect of wate
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Table 5.1: Prevalence of diarrhea a
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Figure 5.3: Trends in latrine cover
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Institutional arrangements are also
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ehavior are integrated and supplied
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5.4.2. Programs and projects 5.4.2.
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made by NGOs for the affected child
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CHAPTER 6: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
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interventions in Ethiopia, includin
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6.2. Challenges and Lessons Learnt
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Training Post-secondary training is
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Table 6.6: (continued) Agency Inter
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Achievements Challenges Sustainabil
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Berhane G. 1995. Nutrition surveill
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Ethiopian PROFILES Team & AED/Linka
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Middlebrook, P. 2002. Social protec
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Raisin, J. 2001b. Improving food se
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Yamano, T., H. Alderman, & L. Chris
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