An assessment of the causes of malnutrition in Ethiopia: A ...

3.4. National and Regional Trends: Assessment and Analysis................................................................44
3.4.1. Natural resources, population, agricultural production and food deficit ..................................44
3.4.2. Food aid and emergency responses ................................................................................................46
3.4.3. Malnutrition and food insecurity: national trend..........................................................................48
3.4.4. Regional variations............................................................................................................................49
3.4.5. Poverty and malnutrition: The rural-urban dimension................................................................51
3.4.6. Marketing, trade and access to food...............................................................................................52
3.4.7. Food prices, food security and malnutrition .................................................................................53
3.5. Food Security Policy, Strategy and Programs: A Review ................................................................54
3.5.1. Policy ...................................................................................................................................................54
3.5.2. Strategies .............................................................................................................................................55
3.5.3. Institutions...........................................................................................................................................57
3.5.4. Core programs and projects .............................................................................................................58
3.6. The Food Security Strategy and Nutrition Gap..................................................................................59
3.6.1. The ‘nutrition lens’ and insufficient nutrition criteria .................................................................59
3.6.2. The “food-bias”..................................................................................................................................60
3.6.3. Cross-cutting issues ...........................................................................................................................60
3.7. The Way Forward: Actions, Interventions and Issues for the National Nutrition Strategy........63
3.7.1. Institution (organization and relationship) related interventions/issues ...................................64
3.7.2. Technical issues .................................................................................................................................66
3.7.3. Capacity building...............................................................................................................................70
Chapter 4: Care and Malnutrition in Ethiopia ........................................................................................... 75
Executive Summary .....................................................................................................................................75
4.1. Why Nutrition Matters in Ethiopia?.....................................................................................................80
4.1.1. The global conceptual framework of the causes of malnutrition ..............................................81
4.1.2. Underlying causes of malnutrition..................................................................................................81
4.1.3. The link between underlying and basic causes of malnutrition.................................................82
4.2. Care............................................................................................................................................................82
4.2.1. What is meant by care?.....................................................................................................................82
4.2.2. Linkage between different types of care and malnutrition .........................................................83
4.2.3. Health Care .........................................................................................................................................86
4.2.4. Psychosocial care ...............................................................................................................................87
4.2.5. Nutritional care and HIV/AIDS ......................................................................................................89
4.2.6. Effect of care on the immediate determinants of malnutrition ..................................................93
4.2.7. Who gives the care within the household?....................................................................................94
4.3. Dimensions of Care as a Significant Determinant of the Nutritional Status of the Young
Child in Ethiopia....................................................................................................................................98
4.3.1. Knowledge of the caregiver.............................................................................................................98
4.3.2. Preventative health care ....................................................................................................................99
4.3.3. General education attainment and specific nutrition knowledge of caregiver ..................... 105
4.3.4. Caregiver’s health status and quality of care given .................................................................. 107
4.3.5. Household hygiene practices ........................................................................................................ 108
4.3.6. Time and energy expenditure demands on caregivers ............................................................. 109
4.4. Care-focused Initiatives in Ethiopia by Government Sectors and NGOs ....................................110
4.4.1. Assessment of care focused initiatives in Ethiopia ................................................................... 110
4.4.2. Content of curricula to include consideration of proper care practices ................................. 113
4.4.3. Development of appropriate timesaving technologies for caregivers.................................... 113
4.4.4. Community mobilization for improved nutrition and health care .......................................... 114
4.4.5. Care issues within acute food security and other crises or shocks......................................... 114
4.5. The Ethiopian National Nutrition Strategy and Nutritional Care.................................................115
4.5.1. Key care related issues that should be addressed in the NNS ................................................. 115
4.5.2. What are the advantages of having a NNS in place?................................................................ 117
4.6. SWOT Analysis of the Institutional Arrangements and Policies for Better Nutritional
Caring Practices in Ethiopia.............................................................................................................118
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