An assessment of the causes of malnutrition in Ethiopia: A ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

where cereals are dominant and very little attention is given to micronutrient-rich horticultural crops, micronutrient fortification of cereal staples is important. 3.4. National and Regional Trends: Assessment and Analysis 3.4.1. Natural resources, population, agricultural production and food deficit A combination of factors including adverse changes in climate, poor technology, soil degradation, inadequate policy, and program implementation problems have resulted in severe food insecurity in Ethiopia. The extent of food insecurity in Ethiopia in recent years has become alarming and its coverage in drought periods has reached as high as 45 percent of the population (NCFS 2003). About five million people are categorized as chronically food insecure. These individuals receive daily relief food, even when the weather and market conditions appear to be good. Many more are malnourished even during good years. Therefore, any attempt to solve the food problem should be based on well-designed policies and programs that keep nutrition at the center. To make Ethiopia a nutrition secure country, the effort has to start from a careful review of what potential exists in terms of human, plant, livestock, and natural resources (land/soil, water, climatic conditions, etc). There is also a need to assess the country’s capacity (technology, knowledge, markets, incentives, etc) as well as commitment to provide the necessary resources (human, financial). The efforts that have been applied to date and the achievements made and constraints faced should also be examined. The quality of the underlying determinants of the nutritional status of a household is dependent to a considerable degree on how available resources are distributed and engaged for economic production within society. According to the 1994 CSA population census document (CSA 1998), the Ethiopian population in 2004 is estimated at about 71 million and is projected to reach 94.5 million by year 2015. In 2015, about 81.5 percent of the projected population will be in rural areas as compared to the current 84.2 percent. The latest estimate (1999/2001) of the proportion of the undernourished people is 42 per cent (UNDP 2004). The balance in number between males and females is in favor of the former in urban areas but the opposite in rural areas. There is little doubt that the potential of the country’s natural resources for the production of food items (crops and livestock) is sufficient in quantity and quality. Ethiopia is endowed with a large array of agro-ecological conditions that allow the production of various types of crops. Agro-ecological assessments by the Ministry of Agriculture indicate that over 60 percent of the country’s landmass can be used for some form of agricultural production activities. In the recent Millennium Development Goals Needs Assessment, it was determined that around 15 percent (close to 17 million hectares) of this area is potentially cultivable (MOFED 2005). However, the area under cultivation in any one year is around 10 million hectares, mostly under smallholder farming conditions. This obviously means that there is sufficient room for expansion. Expansion will require the development of infrastructure (particularly roads and utilities) and services (health, schools, etc) into potential areas. Although most of this area is currently used under dry-land/rain-fed conditions, the development of irrigation schemes in appropriate parts could greatly increase crop production by augmenting the productive capacity of both land and animals. Ethiopia is associated with drought, yet it has vast reserves of under-utilized ground water and annual surface water. The main constraint is lack of investment. Of 3.7 million ha of potentially irrigable land, only 160,000 ha (five percent) have been utilized. The average annual rainfall in Ethiopia suggests that there is enough rainfall for the production of most crops in most parts of the country including many of those areas identified as drought prone areas. However, when the seasonal distribution of rainfall is considered, most parts of the country are moisture deficient. In most parts of the country, particularly in 44
the drought prone areas, the rain falls for a few days at high intensity causing soil erosion, followed by long dry spans that adversely affect the growing crops. If properly and effectively used, water-harvesting technologies can play an important role in coping with the rainfall distribution problem by storing the rainwater when it is available in excess and by using the stored water to supplement the growing crops during the dry spans. Cereals, pulses, and oilseeds are the three major food crops that account for over 85 percent of the total temporary and permanent crops. In 2000/01 and 2001/02, 9.4 million and 7.8 million hectares of land, respectively, were covered by these three types of food crops (EEA 2003/04). According to recent data (CSA 2004), the total area and production of vegetables was estimated at 82,333 hectares and 3.89 million quintals respectively. The area and production of root crops (excluding enset) was estimated at 158,731 hectares and 16.1 million quintals, respectively. According to the CSA Enset Sample Survey conducted in 1997 (CSA 1997), the area and production of enset in major enset-growing areas was estimated at 167,900 hectares and 33.9 million quintals, respectively. The area and production of the major fruit crops was estimated at 44,338 hectares and 2.5 million hectares. Stimulant crops - coffee, tea, and chat – are important cash crops and play an important role in income generation to enhance food security. According to CSA data, the area under coffee and chat in 2003/2004 was estimated at 232,439 hectares and 111,578 hectares, respectively, while the corresponding production figures from these crops was estimated at 1.26 million quintals and 0.93 million quintals, respectively. Coffee in particular has been the main and traditional foreign exchange earner for the country, while chat has become significant in recent years. Quite a wide array of spice crops is produced in this country and the government is increasingly targeting these both for domestic and foreign markets. The identification and quantification of the level of domestic food need hinges upon the current and projected population of the country. To quantify the kind and amount of food items needed in an average daily diet of the Ethiopian population, one must also set a minimum level of calorie intake to ensure nutritional adequacy. The FDRE Government of Ethiopia accepts 2,200-kcal/per/day as the minimum energy intake level required for an active and healthy life. To meet this level of calorie intake requires about 236 kg/per/year of cereal grain. The food intake can also be obtained from a mix of agricultural products. A recent study in Ethiopia found that about 85 percent of this calorie intake comes from cereals, food legumes and oilseeds, all of which are the main crops grown by smallholder farmers in the country. Horticultural crops including vegetables and root/tuber crops add about 10 percent, while animal products such as milk and meat contribute a further 5 percent to the average daily energy intake. It is known that the content of an average daily food basket varies from region to region depending on the region production base and specialization, but the above pattern seems to be widespread (MOFED 2005). The potential for animal husbandry is even greater. Livestock is a major resource for Ethiopia, comprising about 35 million cattle, 11.4 million sheep, 9.6 million goats, and about 2.8 million camels. Over 50 percent (approximately 57 million hectares) of the country’s landmass is classified as grazing or browsing land, situated mostly in the arid, semi-arid, and sub-moist agro-ecological zones. Moreover, the country’s fresh water bodies can potentially produce of 40 thousand tons of fish annually, out of which less than 10 percent is presently being exploited. There also are about 3.3 million beehives (CSA 2002). In this resource, Ethiopia stands among the richest, as third in African and 10 th in the world. In general, the diversity of domestic animal species is wide, but its productivity is low due to poor genetic endowment, serious disease and parasite problems, inadequate feed and water supply and poor traditional management systems. According to the CSA survey, almost 99 percent of the cattle, sheep and goat populations in the country are indigenous, with exotic and crossbreeds accounting for only about one percent. The average productivity of indigenous species is very low. For example, current national production of milk from 45
Page 1:
An assessment of the causes of maln
Page 4 and 5:
• Bantirgu Hailemariam coordinate
Page 6 and 7: 3.4. National and Regional Trends:
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Child stu
Page 10: LIST OF ACRONYMS ADLI AGOA AIDS BCC
Page 14 and 15: Figure 1.1: Stunting among children
Page 16 and 17: these underlying determinants of th
Page 18 and 19: experimental body of evidence that
Page 20 and 21: water can have significant impact o
Page 22 and 23: 2.1. Introduction In the early 1960
Page 24 and 25: violating the basic tenets presente
Page 26 and 27: Table 2.3: Regional profile of stun
Page 28 and 29: A rich food through popularization
Page 30 and 31: key tenet in the process of identif
Page 32 and 33: Basic Causes Major Features High im
Page 34 and 35: commodity trading is the most signi
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.9: Gross primary enrollment
Page 38 and 39: following and in alliance with the
Page 40 and 41: • Accept that agricultural develo
Page 42 and 43: the other practices that need to be
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3: FOOD SECURITY AND MALNUT
Page 47 and 48: Afar in 2000 was 12.6 percent and 5
Page 49 and 50: 3.1. Introduction The economic grow
Page 51 and 52: In a more technical way, it is diff
Page 53 and 54: differently, it is important to acc
Page 55: households will not be as difficult
Page 59 and 60: insecure, these activities will als
Page 61 and 62: viewed as a proxy for household foo
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.3: Per capita food product
Page 65 and 66: Intermediate means of transport suc
Page 67 and 68: educated, environmentally conscious
Page 69 and 70: 1995-96 revealed that ‘the greate
Page 71 and 72: works are key instruments to lay do
Page 73 and 74: due to inappropriate land mismanage
Page 75 and 76: 3.6.3.5. HIV/AIDS This disease is w
Page 77 and 78: coordinates the different implement
Page 79 and 80: conception through early pregnancy
Page 81 and 82: households who depend on purchased
Page 83 and 84: • Improve rural radio infrastruct
Page 85 and 86: 3.7.3.6. Improve rural market infra
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4: CARE AND MALNUTRITION IN
Page 89 and 90: household allocation; 5) workload a
Page 91 and 92: lack of national nutrition strategy
Page 93 and 94: children between 6 and 24 months. T
Page 95 and 96: Care was recognized as one of the u
Page 97 and 98: Figure 4.1: Risk of death in infant
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.2: Present discount values
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.3: Factors that affect the
Page 103 and 104: Box 4.2: Reasons why PLWHA are vuln
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.7: Risk of mother to child
Page 107 and 108:
arely provide this kind of benefit.
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 4.8: The extended model of c
Page 111 and 112:
4.3.1.2. Recognizing symptoms of il
Page 113 and 114:
the direction of the growth curve i
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 4.13: Prevalence of stunting
Page 117 and 118:
from poor exposure of children to l
Page 119 and 120:
4.3.3.4. Response to food security
Page 121 and 122:
4.3.6. Time and energy expenditure
Page 123 and 124:
Table 4.3: Care focused initiatives
Page 125 and 126:
together. This demands an integrate
Page 127 and 128:
In an emergency, therefore, care an
Page 129 and 130:
• Enhance women’s capacity for
Page 131 and 132:
Table 4.4: Analysis of care conside
Page 133 and 134:
Sector/ Office Strength Weakness Op
Page 135 and 136:
International initiative Strengths
Page 137 and 138:
• Rate of continued breastfeeding
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 4.17: Community based nutrit
Page 141:
There is a strong need for enhancin
Page 144 and 145:
supplies. The available facilities
Page 146 and 147:
5.1. Introduction 5.1.1. Conceptual
Page 148 and 149:
access to a basic package of qualit
Page 150 and 151:
Integrating nutrition interventions
Page 152 and 153:
Although the coverage of ENA traini
Page 154 and 155:
Box 5.1: Household and Community In
Page 156 and 157:
The interventions that make up this
Page 158 and 159:
conferences. To this effect, a nati
Page 160 and 161:
with the engineering aspect of wate
Page 162 and 163:
Table 5.1: Prevalence of diarrhea a
Page 164 and 165:
Figure 5.3: Trends in latrine cover
Page 166 and 167:
Institutional arrangements are also
Page 168 and 169:
ehavior are integrated and supplied
Page 170 and 171:
5.4.2. Programs and projects 5.4.2.
Page 172 and 173:
made by NGOs for the affected child
Page 175 and 176:
CHAPTER 6: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Page 177 and 178:
interventions in Ethiopia, includin
Page 179 and 180:
6.2. Challenges and Lessons Learnt
Page 181 and 182:
Training Post-secondary training is
Page 183 and 184:
Table 6.6: (continued) Agency Inter
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Achievements Challenges Sustainabil
Page 205 and 206:
Berhane G. 1995. Nutrition surveill
Page 207 and 208:
Ethiopian PROFILES Team & AED/Linka
Page 209 and 210:
Middlebrook, P. 2002. Social protec
Page 211 and 212:
Raisin, J. 2001b. Improving food se
Page 213:
Yamano, T., H. Alderman, & L. Chris
show all

An assessment of the causes of malnutrition in Ethiopia: A ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?