An assessment of the causes of malnutrition in Ethiopia: A ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Basic Causes Major Features High impact * Medium impact * Low impact * Selected Causes Public expenditure review • HIPC fund allocation • Expenditure on food & nutrition services U/B-N/HC- C-Y U/B-N/HC- C-Y Sub-national (household and community) Household characteristics • Poverty • Access to information & technology • Asset holding About 37 percent of population below poverty line. About 15 percent of rural population owns a radio. Declining assets at rural household level. B-HC-C-Y B-HC-C-Y B-HC-C-Y √ √ √ Livelihood systems • Rural crop & livestock production • Small-scale non-farm activity • Wealth creation • Family labor • Resource degradation • Insecurity of tenure • Communal land-use Increased income influences nutritional status positively. Positive development. Positive development. Conflict with child care practices for women. Serious problem for growth. Contribute to HH malnutrition. Contribute to further land degradation. U/B-HC- C-Y B-HC-C-Y B-HC-C-Y B-HC-C-Y B-HC-C-Y B-HC-C-Y B-HC-C-Y √ √ √ √ √ Attitudes and behavior • Child birth • Care to mothers and support from family Support during birth by TBAs unavailable. Support from poor family members to mothers minimal U/B-HC- C-Y U/B-HC- C-Y √ √ Cultural patterns • Work-load on women & girls • Harmful traditional practices • Control of economic resources Fetching water & firewood Early marriage, wife beating. Legal right for sharing household resources not respected. U/B-HC- C-Y U/B-HC- C-Y U/B-HC- C-Y √ √ √ * Note: B = Basic cause; U = Underlying cause; I = International; N = National; HC = Household/community; C = Continuous time; S = Seasonal Y = Amenable to change, yes; or N = Not amenable to change with the provision of public goods. Thus, B-I-C-Y = Basic cause operating at the International level over a Continuous time-period and amenable to change through the provision of public goods . Table 2.8 shows a summary of the basic causes (macro and crosscutting issues) and the expected changes that lead to improved nutritional status from Table 2.7. The basic causes and their major features in relation to malnutrition are presented here according to the level of society at which they operate. 20
Table 2.8: Macro and cross-cutting issues and the expected changes that lead to improved nutritional status. Macro and cross-cutting issues – basic features Expected change that will lead to nutritional improvement International International markets characterized by export of low price primary commodities and import of expensive manufactured goods. Balance of payment deficits. Trade agreements: Ethiopia’s participation is restricted due to quality standards and stiff competition. Diversify export products and services; encourage foreign direct investments; provide incentives for export sector. Follow requirements set by export markets; train staff to meet quality requirements; strengthen Ethiopian Quality and Standards Authority National Natural resource endowment: Diverse agro ecologies but face degradation. High s oil erosion. High potential for irrigation. Human resources: Population growing rapidly; but remains predominantly rural Formal public sector institutions at federal, regional, woreda levels – executive, legislative Private sector development: Peasant farming; largescale commercial farms; cooperatives. Review of policies & strategies – SDPRP, Rural Development Sectoral Development Programme (SDP); Education SDP; Health SDP; Water SDP; Roads SDP. All programs are under either implementation or preparation. Promote land use planning; provide incentives for onfarm & off-farm conservation; encourage small-scale irrigation. Advocacy for birth control; expand small-scale non-farm activities. Increase efficiency in service delivery; improve responsiveness to the problems of the electorate. Encourage production and services; introduce local production for market; find export markets for products. Publicize and reflect nutrition at woreda level action in all program strategies; publicize and include nutrition components of strategies; potable water as a nutrition strategy; road sector critical for nutrition improvement. Household and community level Poverty; low access to information & technology; declining household asset holdings. Livelihood systems: Agricultural production in rural areas using family labor is common. Face resource degradation and insecurity of tenure. Not yet engine for economic growth. Small-scale non-farm activity limited. Social/ traditional institutions: Attitudes and behavior lead to improper feeding of infant; little support for mothers during pregnancy Cultural patterns: Heavy workload on women & girls; harmful traditional practices; limited female control of economic resources. Design and implement multi dimensional programs to address poverty. Build and maintain household assets. Community planning; employment generation; encourage division of labor; introduce resource conservation techniques; registration and certification of land ongoing; establish formal lease arrangements. Undertake interventions to improve birth weights; provide proper food to the mother and adequate rest period post-partum. Reduce work, improve water, energy availability; reduce number of early marriages, enforce legal rights to common property; set up legal assistance for women. 2.3.1.1. International level The issues of concern at the international level are mainly with reference to international trade, international conventions, and commitment, international and bilateral donors, and Non-Governmental Organizations. Other issues with a global dimension such as the MDGs, PRSP, food security, and emergency food aid, and so on, could have some impact on or relationship to the nutritional status of Ethiopians 6 . Among these, international 6 Numerous political, cultural, social, economic, and other types of international contacts and relations are concluded on bilateral and multilateral basis, some of which are remotely related the problem of 21
Page 1: An assessment of the causes of maln
Page 4 and 5: • Bantirgu Hailemariam coordinate
Page 6 and 7: 3.4. National and Regional Trends:
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Child stu
Page 10: LIST OF ACRONYMS ADLI AGOA AIDS BCC
Page 14 and 15: Figure 1.1: Stunting among children
Page 16 and 17: these underlying determinants of th
Page 18 and 19: experimental body of evidence that
Page 20 and 21: water can have significant impact o
Page 22 and 23: 2.1. Introduction In the early 1960
Page 24 and 25: violating the basic tenets presente
Page 26 and 27: Table 2.3: Regional profile of stun
Page 28 and 29: A rich food through popularization
Page 30 and 31: key tenet in the process of identif
Page 34 and 35: commodity trading is the most signi
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.9: Gross primary enrollment
Page 38 and 39: following and in alliance with the
Page 40 and 41: • Accept that agricultural develo
Page 42 and 43: the other practices that need to be
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3: FOOD SECURITY AND MALNUT
Page 47 and 48: Afar in 2000 was 12.6 percent and 5
Page 49 and 50: 3.1. Introduction The economic grow
Page 51 and 52: In a more technical way, it is diff
Page 53 and 54: differently, it is important to acc
Page 55 and 56: households will not be as difficult
Page 57 and 58: the drought prone areas, the rain f
Page 59 and 60: insecure, these activities will als
Page 61 and 62: viewed as a proxy for household foo
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.3: Per capita food product
Page 65 and 66: Intermediate means of transport suc
Page 67 and 68: educated, environmentally conscious
Page 69 and 70: 1995-96 revealed that ‘the greate
Page 71 and 72: works are key instruments to lay do
Page 73 and 74: due to inappropriate land mismanage
Page 75 and 76: 3.6.3.5. HIV/AIDS This disease is w
Page 77 and 78: coordinates the different implement
Page 79 and 80: conception through early pregnancy
Page 81 and 82: households who depend on purchased
Page 83 and 84:
• Improve rural radio infrastruct
Page 85 and 86:
3.7.3.6. Improve rural market infra
Page 87 and 88:
CHAPTER 4: CARE AND MALNUTRITION IN
Page 89 and 90:
household allocation; 5) workload a
Page 91 and 92:
lack of national nutrition strategy
Page 93 and 94:
children between 6 and 24 months. T
Page 95 and 96:
Care was recognized as one of the u
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 4.1: Risk of death in infant
Page 99 and 100:
Table 4.2: Present discount values
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 4.3: Factors that affect the
Page 103 and 104:
Box 4.2: Reasons why PLWHA are vuln
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 4.7: Risk of mother to child
Page 107 and 108:
arely provide this kind of benefit.
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 4.8: The extended model of c
Page 111 and 112:
4.3.1.2. Recognizing symptoms of il
Page 113 and 114:
the direction of the growth curve i
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 4.13: Prevalence of stunting
Page 117 and 118:
from poor exposure of children to l
Page 119 and 120:
4.3.3.4. Response to food security
Page 121 and 122:
4.3.6. Time and energy expenditure
Page 123 and 124:
Table 4.3: Care focused initiatives
Page 125 and 126:
together. This demands an integrate
Page 127 and 128:
In an emergency, therefore, care an
Page 129 and 130:
• Enhance women’s capacity for
Page 131 and 132:
Table 4.4: Analysis of care conside
Page 133 and 134:
Sector/ Office Strength Weakness Op
Page 135 and 136:
International initiative Strengths
Page 137 and 138:
• Rate of continued breastfeeding
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 4.17: Community based nutrit
Page 141:
There is a strong need for enhancin
Page 144 and 145:
supplies. The available facilities
Page 146 and 147:
5.1. Introduction 5.1.1. Conceptual
Page 148 and 149:
access to a basic package of qualit
Page 150 and 151:
Integrating nutrition interventions
Page 152 and 153:
Although the coverage of ENA traini
Page 154 and 155:
Box 5.1: Household and Community In
Page 156 and 157:
The interventions that make up this
Page 158 and 159:
conferences. To this effect, a nati
Page 160 and 161:
with the engineering aspect of wate
Page 162 and 163:
Table 5.1: Prevalence of diarrhea a
Page 164 and 165:
Figure 5.3: Trends in latrine cover
Page 166 and 167:
Institutional arrangements are also
Page 168 and 169:
ehavior are integrated and supplied
Page 170 and 171:
5.4.2. Programs and projects 5.4.2.
Page 172 and 173:
made by NGOs for the affected child
Page 175 and 176:
CHAPTER 6: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Page 177 and 178:
interventions in Ethiopia, includin
Page 179 and 180:
6.2. Challenges and Lessons Learnt
Page 181 and 182:
Training Post-secondary training is
Page 183 and 184:
Table 6.6: (continued) Agency Inter
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Achievements Challenges Sustainabil
Page 205 and 206:
Berhane G. 1995. Nutrition surveill
Page 207 and 208:
Ethiopian PROFILES Team & AED/Linka
Page 209 and 210:
Middlebrook, P. 2002. Social protec
Page 211 and 212:
Raisin, J. 2001b. Improving food se
Page 213:
Yamano, T., H. Alderman, & L. Chris
show all

An assessment of the causes of malnutrition in Ethiopia: A ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?