An assessment of the causes of malnutrition in Ethiopia: A ...

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REFERENCES Aarons, A., & H. Hawes. 1979. Child to child. London: Macmillan. Acayra, M., & L. Bennett. 1981. The rural women of Nepal: an aggregate analysis and summary of eight village studies. Katmandu, Nepal: Center for Economic Development and Administration, Tribhuvan University. ACC/SCN-IFPRI (United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination, Standing Committee on Nutrition & International Food Policy Research Institute). 2000. Fourth report on the world nutrition situation. Geneva: ACC/SCN in collaboration with IFPRI. AED/Linkages. 2004a. Behavior Change Communication (BCC) training manual. AED/Linkages, Addis Ababa. Photocopy. AED/Linkages. 2004b. Draft lesson plans on Essential Nutrition Actions-related courses by the five universities (Addis Ababa, Alemaya, Debub, Gondar and Jimma). AED/Linkages, Addis Ababa. Photocopy. Alderman, H., J. Behrman, & J. Hoddinott. 2003. Improving child nutrition for sustainable poverty reduction in Africa. 2020 Africa Conference Brief 2. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Arimond, M., & M.T. Ruel. 2002. Assessing care: Progress towards the measurement of selected child care and feeding practices, and implications for programs. Washington, DC, USA: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development (FANTA/AED). Armar-Klemesu, M., M.T. Ruel, D.G. Maxwell, C.E. Levin, & S.S. Morris. 2000. The constraints to good child care practices in Accra: Implications for programs. FCND Discussion Paper no. 81. Washington, DC, USA, International Food Policy Research Institute. Aust-Kettis, A., E. Bjomesjo, E. Mannheimer, T. Cvibah, P. Clark, & Debele M. 1965. Rickets in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Medical Journal. 3:109-121. Baser, E., & T. Cakmakci. 1994. Factors affecting the morbidity of vitamin D deficiency rickets and primary protection. East African Medical Journal. 71: 358-362. Bashizi, B. 1979. Daycare centers in Senegal: a woman's initiative. Assignment Children. 47/48:165-71. Begin, F., J.-P. Habicht, R.A. Forngily, & H. Delisle. 1997. Modification of secular deterioration in child nutritional status by mother's influence on child feeding in rural Chad. American Journal of Public Health. 87:1356-1359. Behrman, J., H. Alderman, & J. Hoddinott. 2004. Hunger and malnutrition. In Global Crises, Global Solutions, ed. B. Lomborg. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Belshaw, D., & E. Coyle. 2001. Poverty Reduction in Ethiopia and the role of NGOs: Qualitative studies of selected projects. Addis Ababa: CRDA, ActionAid Ethiopia, and Christian Aid. Photocopy. Benson, T. 2005. Improving nutrition as a development priority: Addressing undernutrition within national policy processes in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute. Photocopy. Benson, T., & M. Shekar. 2005. Trends and issues in child undernutrition in sub-Saharan Africa—Implications for action. Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute and the World Bank. Photocopy. 192
Berhane G. 1995. Nutrition surveillance in a situation of recurrent natural disasters. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 16 (2):. Blumberg, R.L. 1988. Income under female versus male control: Hypotheses from a theory of gender stratification and data from the Third World. Journal of Family Issues. 9 (1):51-84. Bouis, H.E., & L.J. Haddad. 1990. Effects of agricultural commercialization on land tenure, household resource allocation, and nutrition in the Philippines. IFPRI Research Report 79, Washington, DC, USA: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Bruce, J., C.B. Lloyd, A. Leonard, P.L. Engle, & N. Duffy. 1995. Families in focus: new perspectives on mothers, fathers, and children. New York: Population Council. Christiaensen, L., & H. Alderman. 2004. Child malnutrition in Ethiopia: Can maternal knowledge augment the role of income? Economic Development and Cultural Change. 52 (2): 287-312. Cohen, D., M. Green, C. Block, R. Slepon, R. Ambar, S.S. Wasserman, & M.M. Levine. 1991. Reduction of transmission of shigellosis by control of house flies (Musca domestica). Lancet, 337: 993–997. CRDA (Christian Relief and Development Association). 2001a. Report of seminar on sustainable livelihoods sponsored by CRDA, DFID and Oxfam (GB). Addis Ababa: CRDA. Photocopy. CRDA (Christian Relief and Development Association). 2001b. Annex to Belshaw & Coyle. 2001. Poverty reduction in Ethiopia and the role of NGOs: Qualitative studies of selected projects. Addis Ababa: CRDA, ActionAid Ethiopia, and Christian Aid. Photocopy. Crowther J., R. Kavanagh, & M. Ashy. 1999. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Fifth edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CSA & ORC Macro (Central Statistical Authority (Ethiopia) and OCR Macro), 2001. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2000. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, Maryland, U.S.A: Central Statistical Authority and OCR Macro. CSA (Central Statistical Authority), USAID (United States Agency for International Development), & ORC Macro. 2001. Nutrition of young children and mothers in Ethiopia: Findings of DHS, African Nutrition Chart books. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, Maryland, U.S.A: Central Statistical Authority and OCR Macro. CSA (Central Statistical Authority). 1992. Report on the National Rural Nutrition Survey, Core module. Addis Ababa: CSA. CSA (Central Statistical Authority). 1997. Enset Sample Survey. Statistical Bulletin 184. Addis Ababa: CSA. CSA (Central Statistical Authority). 1999. Report on 1998 Health and Nutrition Survey. Addis Ababa: CSA. CSA (Central Statistical Authority). 2004. Agricultural Sample Survey 2003/04. Volume 1. Report on farm management practices of private peasant holdings, Meher season. Addis Ababa: CSA. de Waal, A. 1989. Famine that kills, Darfur, Sudan 1984-85. Oxford: Clarendon Press. de Waal, A., & A. Whiteside. 2003. New variant famine’: AIDS and food crisis in Southern Africa. Lancet. 362: 1234-37. Demese C. 2004. Agricultural Policy and Farm Price Support in Ethiopia . Commercial Printing Press, Addis Ababa. 193
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An assessment of the causes of maln
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• Bantirgu Hailemariam coordinate
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3.4. National and Regional Trends:
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Child stu
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LIST OF ACRONYMS ADLI AGOA AIDS BCC
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Figure 1.1: Stunting among children
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these underlying determinants of th
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experimental body of evidence that
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water can have significant impact o
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2.1. Introduction In the early 1960
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violating the basic tenets presente
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Table 2.3: Regional profile of stun
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A rich food through popularization
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key tenet in the process of identif
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Basic Causes Major Features High im
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commodity trading is the most signi
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Table 2.9: Gross primary enrollment
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following and in alliance with the
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• Accept that agricultural develo
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the other practices that need to be
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CHAPTER 3: FOOD SECURITY AND MALNUT
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Afar in 2000 was 12.6 percent and 5
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3.1. Introduction The economic grow
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In a more technical way, it is diff
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differently, it is important to acc
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households will not be as difficult
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the drought prone areas, the rain f
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insecure, these activities will als
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viewed as a proxy for household foo
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Figure 3.3: Per capita food product
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Intermediate means of transport suc
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educated, environmentally conscious
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1995-96 revealed that ‘the greate
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works are key instruments to lay do
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due to inappropriate land mismanage
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3.6.3.5. HIV/AIDS This disease is w
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coordinates the different implement
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conception through early pregnancy
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households who depend on purchased
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• Improve rural radio infrastruct
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3.7.3.6. Improve rural market infra
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CHAPTER 4: CARE AND MALNUTRITION IN
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household allocation; 5) workload a
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lack of national nutrition strategy
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children between 6 and 24 months. T
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Care was recognized as one of the u
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Figure 4.1: Risk of death in infant
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Table 4.2: Present discount values
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Figure 4.3: Factors that affect the
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Box 4.2: Reasons why PLWHA are vuln
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Figure 4.7: Risk of mother to child
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arely provide this kind of benefit.
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Figure 4.8: The extended model of c
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4.3.1.2. Recognizing symptoms of il
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the direction of the growth curve i
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Figure 4.13: Prevalence of stunting
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from poor exposure of children to l
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4.3.3.4. Response to food security
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4.3.6. Time and energy expenditure
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Table 4.3: Care focused initiatives
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together. This demands an integrate
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In an emergency, therefore, care an
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• Enhance women’s capacity for
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Table 4.4: Analysis of care conside
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Sector/ Office Strength Weakness Op
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International initiative Strengths
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• Rate of continued breastfeeding
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Figure 4.17: Community based nutrit
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There is a strong need for enhancin
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supplies. The available facilities
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5.1. Introduction 5.1.1. Conceptual
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access to a basic package of qualit
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Integrating nutrition interventions
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Although the coverage of ENA traini
Page 154 and 155: Box 5.1: Household and Community In
Page 156 and 157: The interventions that make up this
Page 158 and 159: conferences. To this effect, a nati
Page 160 and 161: with the engineering aspect of wate
Page 162 and 163: Table 5.1: Prevalence of diarrhea a
Page 164 and 165: Figure 5.3: Trends in latrine cover
Page 166 and 167: Institutional arrangements are also
Page 168 and 169: ehavior are integrated and supplied
Page 170 and 171: 5.4.2. Programs and projects 5.4.2.
Page 172 and 173: made by NGOs for the affected child
Page 175 and 176: CHAPTER 6: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Page 177 and 178: interventions in Ethiopia, includin
Page 179 and 180: 6.2. Challenges and Lessons Learnt
Page 181 and 182: Training Post-secondary training is
Page 183 and 184: Table 6.6: (continued) Agency Inter
Page 203: Achievements Challenges Sustainabil
Page 207 and 208: Ethiopian PROFILES Team & AED/Linka
Page 209 and 210: Middlebrook, P. 2002. Social protec
Page 211 and 212: Raisin, J. 2001b. Improving food se
Page 213: Yamano, T., H. Alderman, & L. Chris
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