An assessment of the causes of malnutrition in Ethiopia: A ...

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Figure 4.11: Stunting, wasting, and underweight prevalence in preschoolers in Ethiopia, by age. Source: CSA, USAID, & ORC Macro 2001 Contrary to the common misconception, child malnutrition is most commonly a reflection of poor caring practices, not a shortage in food supply. Trends of childhood malnutrition indicate that even though the rate of malnutrition seems to have decreased minimally in 2000 from what it was in 1992, it is still the highest rate in sub-Sahara Africa. (Ethiopian PROFILES Team & AED/Linkages 2005) Regardless of small variations from year to year, the high prevalence of stunting in under five children is an indicator not only of chronic food insecurity but also of the prevalence of poor caring practices (Figure 4.12). The fact that caring practices are poor in the country is reflected by Figure 4.13. Stunting is higher in the regions that are more fertile and productive as compared to the drought prone and less-productive regions. For example, the highest rate of stunting was seen in the Amhara region (57 percent) followed by SNNP (55 percent), Tigray (55 percent), and Oromia (47 percent). Stunting is an indicator of chronic malnutrition rather than acute food shortages, a factor of which is poor caring practices in the community. This indicates that Figure 4.12: Trends in malnutrition in under-fives in Ethiopia, 1982-2000 70 60 50 Stunting Wasting Underweight percent 40 30 20 10 0 1982 1992 2000 102
Figure 4.13: Prevalence of stunting and wasting among under-fives, by region. 60 percent 50 40 30 20 Stunting Wasting 10 0 Tigray Affar Amhara Oromiya Somali Benishangul-Gumuz SNNP Gambela Harari Addis Ababa Dire Dawa NATIONAL Source: Ethiopian DHS 2000 being in a state of food security does not necessarily result in nutrition security. 4.3.2.4. Nutritional care practices The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that infants are exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life. “Exclusively breastfed” means giving the infant nothing but breast milk (no water, no other liquids, no solid foods) from zero to six months. Figure 4.14: Feeding Practices in Ethiopian Infants < 6 mo Breastmil k & solids, 5% Weaned, 1% Breastmil k & other liquids, 25% Breastmil k & water, 15% Exclusive breastfeeding, 54% Source: CSA & ORC Macro 2001 103
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An assessment of the causes of maln
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• Bantirgu Hailemariam coordinate
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3.4. National and Regional Trends:
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Child stu
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LIST OF ACRONYMS ADLI AGOA AIDS BCC
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Figure 1.1: Stunting among children
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these underlying determinants of th
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experimental body of evidence that
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water can have significant impact o
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2.1. Introduction In the early 1960
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violating the basic tenets presente
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Table 2.3: Regional profile of stun
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A rich food through popularization
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key tenet in the process of identif
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Basic Causes Major Features High im
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commodity trading is the most signi
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Table 2.9: Gross primary enrollment
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following and in alliance with the
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• Accept that agricultural develo
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the other practices that need to be
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CHAPTER 3: FOOD SECURITY AND MALNUT
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Afar in 2000 was 12.6 percent and 5
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3.1. Introduction The economic grow
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In a more technical way, it is diff
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differently, it is important to acc
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households will not be as difficult
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the drought prone areas, the rain f
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insecure, these activities will als
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viewed as a proxy for household foo
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.3: Per capita food product
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Page 73 and 74: due to inappropriate land mismanage
Page 75 and 76: 3.6.3.5. HIV/AIDS This disease is w
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Page 81 and 82: households who depend on purchased
Page 83 and 84: • Improve rural radio infrastruct
Page 85 and 86: 3.7.3.6. Improve rural market infra
Page 87 and 88: CHAPTER 4: CARE AND MALNUTRITION IN
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Page 95 and 96: Care was recognized as one of the u
Page 97 and 98: Figure 4.1: Risk of death in infant
Page 99 and 100: Table 4.2: Present discount values
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4.3: Factors that affect the
Page 103 and 104: Box 4.2: Reasons why PLWHA are vuln
Page 105 and 106: Figure 4.7: Risk of mother to child
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Page 109 and 110: Figure 4.8: The extended model of c
Page 111 and 112: 4.3.1.2. Recognizing symptoms of il
Page 113: the direction of the growth curve i
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Page 119 and 120: 4.3.3.4. Response to food security
Page 121 and 122: 4.3.6. Time and energy expenditure
Page 123 and 124: Table 4.3: Care focused initiatives
Page 125 and 126: together. This demands an integrate
Page 127 and 128: In an emergency, therefore, care an
Page 129 and 130: • Enhance women’s capacity for
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.4: Analysis of care conside
Page 133 and 134: Sector/ Office Strength Weakness Op
Page 135 and 136: International initiative Strengths
Page 137 and 138: • Rate of continued breastfeeding
Page 139 and 140: Figure 4.17: Community based nutrit
Page 141: There is a strong need for enhancin
Page 144 and 145: supplies. The available facilities
Page 146 and 147: 5.1. Introduction 5.1.1. Conceptual
Page 148 and 149: access to a basic package of qualit
Page 150 and 151: Integrating nutrition interventions
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Page 154 and 155: Box 5.1: Household and Community In
Page 156 and 157: The interventions that make up this
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Page 162 and 163: Table 5.1: Prevalence of diarrhea a
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Figure 5.3: Trends in latrine cover
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Institutional arrangements are also
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ehavior are integrated and supplied
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5.4.2. Programs and projects 5.4.2.
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made by NGOs for the affected child
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CHAPTER 6: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
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interventions in Ethiopia, includin
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6.2. Challenges and Lessons Learnt
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Training Post-secondary training is
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Table 6.6: (continued) Agency Inter
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Achievements Challenges Sustainabil
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Berhane G. 1995. Nutrition surveill
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Ethiopian PROFILES Team & AED/Linka
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Middlebrook, P. 2002. Social protec
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Raisin, J. 2001b. Improving food se
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Yamano, T., H. Alderman, & L. Chris
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