Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...
Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ... Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...
where W v is the weight for a household in village v V d is the total number of rural villages in department d v d is the number of rural villages selected from department d H v is the total number of agricultural households in village v h v is the number of agricultural households selected from village v Table X-1 summarizes the distribution of the sample by department. The number of villages per department varies from 10 in Mono and Atlantique to 27 in Borgou, while the number of households per department varies from 90 to 242. The sum of the weights (W v ) represents the estimated number of agricultural households in the region. In other words, the sample selected for the IFPRI-LARES Small Farmer Survey implies that there are 475 thousand agricultural households in Bénin. Given the average household size of 8.8, this would imply an agricultural population of 4.18 million. The weights are used to adjust for the fact that the survey intentionally over-sampled departments with large agricultural output (such as Borgou) and undersampled those with small output (such as Mono). By applying the weights in calculating all the results presented in this report, we adjust for the over- and under-sampling, generating results that are nationally representative. Implementation The training of the enumerators, field testing of the survey, and final revisions to the questionnaire took place in June-July 1998. The IFPRI-LARES Small Farmer Survey was carried out over the period August to November 1998. The data were entered into an MS Access database that checked for invalid responses and extreme values. The database was then converted to SPSS for cleaning and analysis. As mentioned above, weighting factors were calculated based on the sample design and were used in the generation of all the results presented in this report. 4.1.2 General characteristics of farm households What is a farm household? For the purposes of the survey, the household was defined as “a group of persons (related or not) that eat and live together in the same dwelling for at least six months of the year.” Thus, the household includes employees and visitors provided that they eat and live with the family for most of the year. This definition excludes, however, family members that live elsewhere during most of the time. A household was considered a farm household if it earns a 35
living from crop and livestock production. The sample was drawn from a census of agricultural households carried by the Ministry of Rural Development, but some fishing households were dropped from the survey if they had no crop or livestock production. In this section, we describe the general characteristics of farm households in Bénin. Five topics are covered: the size and composition of farm households, education and literacy, ethnicity and religion, membership in organizations, and main economic activities. Household size and composition One of the most notable aspects of farm households in Bénin is their size. The average household has 8.8 members and 45 percent have more than 8 members. This is similar to the average size of rural households estimated by the 1994-95 Enquête sur les Condition de Vie des Mengages Ruraux (7 members), but larger than the average found in east and southern Africa of 5 or 6 members. Although the largest households are found in Borgou (11.3 members), even in the south the average household has 7-8 members. On average, a household contains 4.2 children under the age of 15, 4.3 adults between the ages of 15 and 65, and just 0.2 members over 65 (see Table 4.1.2). The dependency ratio is the number of members under 15 or over 65 as a percentage of the total number of household members. The dependency ratio is 48 percent for the whole country, and it does not vary much from one department to another (see Table 4.1.2). A second notable characteristic of farm households in Bénin is the small proportion of femaleheaded households, just 5 percent. In many African countries, the proportion is in the range of 15- 30 percent. In Bénin, the percentage is highest in Zou (12 percent) and Atlantique (7 percent) and lowest in Atacora, where our sample did not record a single female-headed household. This means that our sample of female-headed households is relatively small (39), so that any figures given for this type of household must be interpreted with some caution. The proportion of farm households that are polygamous is just over one-third (36 percent). The highest rates are in Zou (45 percent) and Atlantique (42 percent). Female-headed households tend to be somewhat smaller than male-headed households (6.4 compared to 8.9 members). In addition, female heads of household tend to be older than male 36
- Page 1 and 2: IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFOR
- Page 4 and 5: TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRO
- Page 6 and 7: 5.1.10 Expenditure patterns .......
- Page 8 and 9: CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backgr
- Page 10 and 11: villageois, (GV)) was needed as the
- Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 2: POLICY BACKGROUND FOR BE
- Page 14 and 15: 2.3 Evolution of Economic Policy 2.
- Page 16 and 17: Under pressure from the World Bank
- Page 18 and 19: anking system has been restored to
- Page 20 and 21: Fertilizer can be imported outside
- Page 22 and 23: particularly urban wage-earners. On
- Page 24 and 25: Soulé (1996) describes the evoluti
- Page 26 and 27: led to a more sustainable agricultu
- Page 28: Table 2.4 - Gross farm revenue from
- Page 31 and 32: Malawi’s economy is heavily depen
- Page 33 and 34: the reduction of its operations in
- Page 35 and 36: crops is also difficult because tob
- Page 37 and 38: Table 3.1 CROP 1982/83 1983/84 1984
- Page 40 and 41: CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF THE BÉNIN SM
- Page 44 and 45: heads. This suggests that some of t
- Page 46 and 47: And school attendance is much highe
- Page 48 and 49: Crop production is the main activit
- Page 50 and 51: (33 percent). Livestock income is m
- Page 52 and 53: Somewhat surprisingly, the relation
- Page 54 and 55: It is no more common among richer h
- Page 56 and 57: production, and women actually spen
- Page 58 and 59: Seed use by crop Although only 18 p
- Page 60 and 61: Looking at the results by departmen
- Page 62 and 63: Ouémé presents an unusual case: j
- Page 64 and 65: Market prices have significant effe
- Page 66 and 67: policies of SONAPRA to discourage
- Page 68 and 69: crops are responsible for this incr
- Page 70 and 71: Respondents were asked whether the
- Page 72 and 73: Female-headed households, not surpr
- Page 74 and 75: households are not considered credi
- Page 76 and 77: In almost every category of agricul
- Page 78 and 79: This discussion implies that farms
- Page 80 and 81: eturns per hectare and labor-intens
- Page 82 and 83: farm household and tends to be smal
- Page 84 and 85: Surprisingly, the value of sales as
- Page 86 and 87: Finally, proximity to an all-season
- Page 88 and 89: Changes in crop marketing In this s
- Page 90 and 91: Poor households are more likely to
where W v is the weight for a household in village v<br />
V d is the total number of rural villages in department d<br />
v d is the number of rural villages selected from department d<br />
H v is the total number of agricultural households in village v<br />
h v is the number of agricultural households selected from village v<br />
Table X-1 summarizes the distribution of the sample by department. The number of villages per<br />
department varies from 10 in Mono and Atlantique to 27 in Borgou, while the number of<br />
households per department varies from 90 to 242. The sum of the weights (W v ) represents the<br />
estimated number of agricultural households in the region. <strong>In</strong> other words, the sample selected for<br />
the IFPRI-LARES Small Farmer Survey implies that there are 475 thousand agricultural<br />
households in Bénin. Given the average household size of 8.8, this would imply an agricultural<br />
population of 4.18 million.<br />
The weights are used to adjust for the fact that the survey intentionally over-sampled departments<br />
with large agricultural output (such as Borgou) and undersampled those with small output (such as<br />
Mono). By applying the weights in calculating all the results presented in this report, we adjust for<br />
the over- and under-sampling, generating results that are nationally representative.<br />
Implementation The training of the enumerators, field testing of the survey, and final<br />
revisions to the questionnaire took place in June-July 1998. The IFPRI-LARES Small Farmer<br />
Survey was carried out over the period August to November 1998.<br />
The data were entered into an MS Access database that checked for invalid responses and extreme<br />
values. The database was then converted to SPSS for cleaning and analysis. As mentioned above,<br />
weighting factors were calculated based on the sample design and were used in the generation of all<br />
the results presented in this report.<br />
4.1.2 General characteristics of farm households<br />
What is a farm household? For the purposes of the survey, the household was defined as “a group<br />
of persons (related or not) that eat and live together in the same dwelling for at least six months of<br />
the year.” Thus, the household includes employees and visitors provided that they eat and live with<br />
the family for most of the year. This definition excludes, however, family members that live<br />
elsewhere during most of the time. A household was considered a farm household if it earns a<br />
35
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