Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...

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REFERENCES Ahoyo Adjovi, N.R. and F. Heidhues. 1997. “Impact de la devalulation du franc CFA sur la competitivite de la production rizicole au sud du Benin.” Agriculture et Developpement 13 : 13-21. Alpini, C. (1998). « Problematique de l’autosuffisance alimentaire au Bénin. » In Edouard Wallace (ed.) Bénin : Approches Endogenes du Developpement. Club Goli. Impremerie Tunde. Cotonou, Benin. Chilowa, W. 1998. The Impact of Agricultural Liberalization on Food Security in Malawi. Paper presented at a seminar on Economic Liberalization: A review of Policies, Chancellor College, Zomba, Malawi. Foster, J., J. Greer, and E. Thorbecke (1984). “A class of decomposable poverty measures.” Econometrica 52: 761- 66. Gaultier, F. and Z. Tassou. (1998) “La reexportation: vice ou virtu ? Le commerce du Bénin ver le Nigeria. » In J. Egg and J. Herrera (eds.) Echanges transfrontaliers et intégration régionale en Afrique subsaharienne. Editions de l ‘Aube. ORSTOM. France. Igue, J. and Bio G. Soulé (1992) L’etat-entrepot au Bénin : Commerce informel ou solution à la crise ? Editions Karthala, Paris. Igue, J. (1996). “L’economie beninoise sou ajustement: Bilan et perspectives.” In L’Economie Beninoise sous Ajustement Structurel Fredrich Ebert Stiftung. Impremerie COPEF, Cotonou, Benin. Igue, J. (1999). Le Bénin et la Mondialisation de l’Economie. Editions Karthala. Paris. Janssen, M. and D. Perthel (1990). “Seasonal and regional differences in agricultural supply response in Benin.” European Review of Agricultural Economics 17: 407-420. Kambewa P.S and R.N.Kachule. 1999. Analysis of the Starter Pack Scheme on Wholesale and Retail Input Markets. Paper submitted to Department for International Development (DFID) Starter Pack Evaluation Project. Kleih, U., C. Jumbe and H, Tchale. 1999. Community Access to Marketing Opportunities: Options for Remote Areas. Report submitted to the Department for International Development (DFID). Luhe, Niko von der (1991) “Transfer of technology or barter trade? The rural extension service in the Atlantique province of Benin as a market for negotiating resources.” Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture. 3 (30): 248-263. Lutz, C., A. van Tilburg, and B. J. van der Kamp (1995). “The process of short- and long-term price integration in the Benin maize market.” European Review of Agricultural Economics 22: 191-212. Masters, W., G. Shively, H. Hogset, and M. Fisher. 2000. Evaluating Recent Strategies to Improve Food Security Among Smallholder Households in Malawi. Report submitted to the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC Mataya C.S., W.C. Chimombo, and M. Chimtokoma. 1998. Structural Adjustment Effects on Small and Medium Scale Trade Performance in Malawi: The Case of Grains, Roots and Tubers. Report submitted to the European Commission Food Security Aid Programme. Munyemana, A. and M. von-Oppen. 1999. Impact of Agricultural Market Reforms on Smallholder Farmers in Benin and Malawi. Paper Submitted to the International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. 349
National Economic Council (NEC). 1998. Socio-economic Effects of Structural Adjustment Policies on Malawi’s Rural and Urban Households. Lilongwe, Malawi. National Economic Council. 2000. Profile of Poverty in Malawi; 1998 Poverty Analysis of the Malawi Integrated Household Survey, 1997-98. Paper prepared for the dissemination workshop on the poverty analysis of the Integrated Household Survey, Lilongwe, Malawi. N’gon’gola, D. 1996. Analysis of Policy Reform and Structural Adjustment Programs in Malawi. United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, D.C. Ng'ong'ola, D.H., R.N. Kachule and P.H. Kabambe. 1997. The Maize, Fertilizer, and Maize Seed Markets in Malawi. Report submitted to the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC. O& M Associates. 1999. Issues in Agricultural Marketing in Malawi and Agenda for Reform. Report submitted to Ministry of Finance, Lilongwe, Malawi. Peters, P.E. 1996. Failed Magic or Social Context? Market Liberalization and the Rural Poor in Malawi. Development Discussion Paper No. 562, Harvard Institute for International Development, Cambridge, MA République du Bénin (1996). Rapport Social 1996. Ministère du Plan, de la Restructuration Economique, et de la Promotion de l’Emploi and GTZ. Cotonou, Benin. Republique du Bénin (1997). Rapport sur l’état de l’Economie Nationale : Développements récents et perspectives à moyen terme. Cellule macroéconomique de la Présidence de la République du Bénin. Cotonou, Benin. Senahoun, J., D. Deybe, and F. Heidues. (2000). “Welfare effects of the Franc CFA devaluation in Benin.” Paper presented at the International Association of Agricultural Economics in Berlin, August 2000. Senahoun, J., F. Heidues, and D. Deybe (2000). “Structural adjustment programs and soil erosion: a bio-economic modelling approach for Northern Benin.” Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 38 (3): 245-262. UNDP/UNECA. 1997. Capacity Building in Support of Food Security and Sustainable Agricultural Development in Sub Saharan Africa: A Comprehensive Framework for Action for the future. United Nations Development Programme. (1998). Rapport sur le Developpement Humain au Bénin 1998. Impremerie Tunde, Cotonou, Benin. United Nations Development Programme and Institut National de la Statistique et de l’Analyse Economique (UNDP/INSAE). Profil de la Pauvreté Urbaine et Caracteristiques Socio-Economique des Ménages Urbains. Etude sur les Conditions de Vie en Milieu Urbain (ECVU). Cotonou, Benin. United Nations Development Programme and Ministere de Developpement Rural. (1996). Profil de la Pauvreté Rurale et Caracteristiques Socio-Economique des Ménages Ruraux. Etude sur les Conditions de Vie Des Ménages Ruraux au Bénin (ECVR). Cotonou, Benin. Westlake, M.J. 1995. Papers on Aspects of Maize and Fertilizer Market Liberalisation. Report prepared for the Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. Lilongwe, Malawi. World Bank. 1995. Malawi Agricultural Sector Memorandum: Strategy Options in the 1990s. World Bank. 1999. World Development Indicators – CD Rom. World Bank. (2000). World Development Report 1999/2000 World Bank. Washington, D.C. World Bank. 2000. http://devdata.worldbank.org/data-query. Accessed January 18, 2001. 350
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IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFOR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRO
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5.1.10 Expenditure patterns .......
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backgr
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villageois, (GV)) was needed as the
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CHAPTER 2: POLICY BACKGROUND FOR BE
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2.3 Evolution of Economic Policy 2.
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Under pressure from the World Bank
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anking system has been restored to
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Fertilizer can be imported outside
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particularly urban wage-earners. On
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Soulé (1996) describes the evoluti
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led to a more sustainable agricultu
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Table 2.4 - Gross farm revenue from
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Malawi’s economy is heavily depen
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the reduction of its operations in
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crops is also difficult because tob
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Table 3.1 CROP 1982/83 1983/84 1984
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF THE BÉNIN SM
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where W v is the weight for a house
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heads. This suggests that some of t
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And school attendance is much highe
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Crop production is the main activit
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(33 percent). Livestock income is m
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Somewhat surprisingly, the relation
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It is no more common among richer h
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production, and women actually spen
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Seed use by crop Although only 18 p
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Looking at the results by departmen
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Ouémé presents an unusual case: j
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Market prices have significant effe
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policies of SONAPRA to discourage
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crops are responsible for this incr
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Respondents were asked whether the
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Female-headed households, not surpr
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households are not considered credi
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In almost every category of agricul
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This discussion implies that farms
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eturns per hectare and labor-intens
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farm household and tends to be smal
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Surprisingly, the value of sales as
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Finally, proximity to an all-season
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Changes in crop marketing In this s
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Poor households are more likely to
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it is clear that virtually all grow
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production to total expenditure is
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a significant number of household (
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non-food spending. These are follow
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Larger farms are associated with hi
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This would not be surprising in lig
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Female-headed households appear to
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poorest expenditure category to jus
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headed household were more likely t
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Households in every expenditure cat
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An important result of this analysi
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oad network, although those citing
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questions posed by the IFPRI-LARES
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With regard to cotton marketing, al
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Village leaders were asked to ident
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Marketing patterns Village leaders
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4.3: Results of the Bénin Survey o
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4.3.2 Survey methods At the time of
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officers have CM2 certificates. Thi
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Suppliers The GV representatives we
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Cotton area per GV ranges from 145
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The largest cost items are schools
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members and 10 percent of the membe
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Table 4.1.1-Description of sample o
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Table 4.1.7-Age, education, and lit
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Table 4.1.13-Ethnic background of h
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Table 4.1.19-Importance of each sou
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Table 4.1.25-Number of plots and ar
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Table 4.1.31-Land tenure by expendi
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Table 4.1.37-Change in labor alloca
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Table 4.1.42-Seed use by sex of hea
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Table 4.1.47-Perceived change in av
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Table 4.1.54-Share of producers of
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Table 4.1.59-Fertilizer use by farm
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Table 4.1.64-Characteristics of fer
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Table 4.1.69-Change in fertilizer a
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Table 4.1.75-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.82-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.89-Change in credit avail
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Table 4.1.94-Percent of households
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Table 4.1.102-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.106-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.110-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.114-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.117-Regression for market
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Table 4.1.120-Change in the type of
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Table 4.1.128-Perceived change in r
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Table 4.1.135-Main reason for stori
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Table 4.1.140-Summary of food expen
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Table 4.1.144-Food consumption by e
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Table 4.1.149-Results of regression
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Table 4.1.152-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.156-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.160-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.162-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.165-Main source of water
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Table 4.1.170-Source of information
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Table 4.1.176-Source of information
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Table 4.1.181-Regression for percei
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Table 4.2.5-Change in number of veh
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Table 4.2.12-Availability and sourc
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Table 4.2.21-Number of GFs per vill
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Table 4.2.30-Percentage of villages
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Table 4.2.34-Distribution of villag
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Table 4.3.1-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.9-Number of each type of
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Table 4.3.12-Percentage of secretar
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Table 4.3.19-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.24-Percentage of inputs s
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Table 4.3.32-Average value of curre
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Table 4.3.40-Percentage of GVs in w
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CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS FROM THE MALAWI
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The weights are used to calculate a
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On average, around 20 percent of th
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agricultural work. Other less commo
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5.1.4 Time allocation In Malawi, as
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attributed it to the fact that fert
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insignificant. The coefficient on t
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As in the results from the previous
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most important sources of input on
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applied for credit compared to 20 p
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less than 1 mt per ha which are fai
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5.1.9 Agricultural marketing Market
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Households that belong to a club al
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most important contractors are the
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indicates that the extent of povert
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wheat, and fruits and nuts, a highe
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Surprisingly, the education of the
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Housing characteristics The overwhe
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It was also important to find out w
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Surprisingly, tobacco growers are m
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Over three-quarter of the EPAs repo
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The changes in the number and types
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5.2.11 Storage Facilities On averag
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Table 5.2 - Household characteristi
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Table 5.7 - Percentage of household
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Table 5.12 - Farm labor use and all
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Table 5.15 - Determinants of the de
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Table 5.17 - Sources of fertilizer
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Table 5.22 - Access and use of cred
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Table 5.25 - Percent of households
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Table 5.29 - Percent of households
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Table 5.34 - Crop disposal by type
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Table 5.38 - Determinants of Market
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Table 5.42 - Summary of expenditure
Page 306 and 307: Table 5.45 - Food consumption by so
Page 308 and 309: Table 5.47 - Percent of households
Page 310 and 311: Table 5.49 - Percent of households
Page 312 and 313: Table 5.51 - Food consumption by ex
Page 314 and 315: Table 5.56 - Determinants of per ca
Page 316 and 317: Table 5.59 Percent of households ow
Page 318 and 319: Table 5.62 - Characteristics of the
Page 320 and 321: Table 5.68 - Determinants of percei
Page 322 and 323: Table 5.71 - Average yields per cro
Page 324 and 325: Table 5.77 - Changes in the availab
Page 326 and 327: Figure 5.1 Distribution of househol
Page 328 and 329: Figure 5.7 - Percentage of Househol
Page 330 and 331: CHAPTER 6 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
Page 332 and 333: Fertilizer Half of the far
Page 334 and 335: Regression analysis indicates that
Page 336 and 337: Among those seeing improvement, the
Page 338 and 339: Agricultural markets Three quart
Page 340 and 341: The economic reforms have boosted p
Page 342 and 343: department. The farms with very lit
Page 344 and 345: Strengthen the extension service by
Page 346 and 347: The most time-consuming agricultura
Page 348 and 349: Most common means of transport to t
Page 350 and 351: Small farmers in Malawi are mainly
Page 352 and 353: households have less assets and les
Page 354 and 355: Place more serious efforts to impro
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