Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...

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Table 5.68 – Determinants of perceived changes in household well-being Regression estimating satisfaction. Ordered probit estimates Number of obs = 788 LR chi2(33) = 83.03 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 Log likelihood = -678.93772 Pseudo R2 = 0.0576 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ change | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- lnexppc | .406353 .0895039 4.54 0.000 .2309285 .5817775 mktsurp | .0077803 .002283 3.41 0.001 .0033056 .0122549 hhsize | .0438986 .0212457 2.07 0.039 .0022577 .0855394 under15p | .187578 .2275164 0.82 0.410 -.258346 .6335019 over65p | .1204971 .5276684 0.23 0.819 -.9137139 1.154708 femhead | -.1383869 .1595446 -0.87 0.386 -.4510886 .1743148 agehead | -.0328966 .0202036 -1.63 0.103 -.0724949 .0067018 age2 | .0003559 .0002306 1.54 0.123 -.0000961 .0008079 edhd1 | .1191716 .1600222 0.74 0.456 -.1944662 .4328094 edhd2 | .3187311 .2563323 1.24 0.214 -.1836709 .8211332 lithead | -.2556237 .1496329 -1.71 0.088 -.5488987 .0376513 edsp1 | -.052409 .1152886 -0.45 0.649 -.2783705 .1735524 edsp2 | .2994468 .3565671 0.84 0.401 -.3994119 .9983054 litsps | .0161757 .1689754 0.10 0.924 -.3150099 .3473614 fsize | -.0246789 .0494431 -0.50 0.618 -.1215855 .0722277 tobgrow | -.257568 .137516 -1.87 0.061 -.5270945 .0119585 irrig | .4312811 .2342161 1.84 0.066 -.0277741 .8903363 connect | -.1826518 .0965741 -1.89 0.059 -.3719335 .0066299 club | .1380023 .1222276 1.13 0.259 -.1015595 .377564 coop | -.040205 .1930921 -0.21 0.835 -.4186586 .3382486 extcont | .1762547 .112696 1.56 0.118 -.0446255 .3971349 chewa | -.1470395 .1988246 -0.74 0.460 -.5367285 .2426496 ngoni | -.0761561 .1917863 -0.40 0.691 -.4520504 .2997382 tumb | .0176262 .1942392 0.09 0.928 -.3630756 .398328 lomw | -.089999 .1965554 -0.46 0.647 -.4752405 .2952426 yawo | -.1152073 .1831193 -0.63 0.529 -.4741145 .2437 distroad | .0500577 .1181076 0.42 0.672 -.1814289 .2815443 radio | .0918288 .1022771 0.90 0.369 -.1086306 .2922883 tv | .0515057 .4801151 0.11 0.915 -.8895026 .9925141 bike | -.0342985 .1013302 -0.34 0.735 -.232902 .164305 mbike | 7.760963 296879.7 0.00 1.000 -581865.7 581881.3 reg1 | -.1653387 .1783722 -0.93 0.354 -.5149418 .1842644 reg2 | -.1702906 .157538 -1.08 0.280 -.4790594 .1384783 -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- _cut1 | 3.042196 .8603625 (Ancillary parameters) _cut2 | 3.432705 .8616464 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ change | Probability Observed -------------+------------------------------------- 1 | Pr( xb+u
Table 5.69 – General information for the average EPA by region Region South Center North Total Average number of villages per EPA 122 214 100 160 Average number of farming households per EPA 22,865 17,320 15,215 18,736 Average number of residents per EPA 102,874 76,878 81,406 86,894 Average total area (in hectares) per EPA 49,857 49,851 51,077 49,965 Average total arable area (in hectares) 18,748 30,957 26,981 25,624 Average population density (person/ha) 2.06 1.54 1.59 1.74 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.70 – Average volume of production per EPA in the 1997/98 cropping period (in tons) Region Crop: South Center North Total Maize 16,652 12,398 4,007 12,297 Irish Potato 0 1,881 1,587 1,797 Sweet potato 23,126 6,296 3,085 11,371 Cassava 12,303 4,053 18,488 9,209 Rice 1,670 2,644 4,310 2,325 Beans/pulse 2,719 789 660 1,282 Sorghum 1,441 69 360 877 Groundnuts 442 1,014 328 728 Vegetables 12,145 3,766 250 7,516 Fruits & Nuts 96,436 544 150 48,424 Tobacco 550 1,204 459 881 Cotton 668 169 0 383 Sugar 0 0 210 105 Tea 0 0 0 0 Coffee 0 300 0 300 Chile/paprika 316 103 18 105 Sunflower 0 107 88 102 Soybeans 17 488 204 389 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. 314
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IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFOR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRO
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5.1.10 Expenditure patterns .......
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backgr
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villageois, (GV)) was needed as the
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CHAPTER 2: POLICY BACKGROUND FOR BE
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2.3 Evolution of Economic Policy 2.
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Under pressure from the World Bank
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anking system has been restored to
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Fertilizer can be imported outside
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particularly urban wage-earners. On
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Soulé (1996) describes the evoluti
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led to a more sustainable agricultu
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Table 2.4 - Gross farm revenue from
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Malawi’s economy is heavily depen
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the reduction of its operations in
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crops is also difficult because tob
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Table 3.1 CROP 1982/83 1983/84 1984
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF THE BÉNIN SM
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where W v is the weight for a house
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heads. This suggests that some of t
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And school attendance is much highe
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Crop production is the main activit
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(33 percent). Livestock income is m
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Somewhat surprisingly, the relation
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It is no more common among richer h
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production, and women actually spen
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Seed use by crop Although only 18 p
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Looking at the results by departmen
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Ouémé presents an unusual case: j
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Market prices have significant effe
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policies of SONAPRA to discourage
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crops are responsible for this incr
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Respondents were asked whether the
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Female-headed households, not surpr
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households are not considered credi
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In almost every category of agricul
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This discussion implies that farms
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eturns per hectare and labor-intens
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farm household and tends to be smal
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Surprisingly, the value of sales as
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Finally, proximity to an all-season
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Changes in crop marketing In this s
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Poor households are more likely to
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it is clear that virtually all grow
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production to total expenditure is
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a significant number of household (
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non-food spending. These are follow
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Larger farms are associated with hi
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This would not be surprising in lig
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Female-headed households appear to
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poorest expenditure category to jus
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headed household were more likely t
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Households in every expenditure cat
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An important result of this analysi
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oad network, although those citing
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questions posed by the IFPRI-LARES
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With regard to cotton marketing, al
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Village leaders were asked to ident
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Marketing patterns Village leaders
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4.3: Results of the Bénin Survey o
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4.3.2 Survey methods At the time of
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officers have CM2 certificates. Thi
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Suppliers The GV representatives we
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Cotton area per GV ranges from 145
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The largest cost items are schools
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members and 10 percent of the membe
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Table 4.1.1-Description of sample o
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Table 4.1.7-Age, education, and lit
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Table 4.1.13-Ethnic background of h
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Table 4.1.19-Importance of each sou
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Table 4.1.25-Number of plots and ar
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Table 4.1.31-Land tenure by expendi
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Table 4.1.37-Change in labor alloca
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Table 4.1.42-Seed use by sex of hea
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Table 4.1.47-Perceived change in av
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Table 4.1.54-Share of producers of
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Table 4.1.59-Fertilizer use by farm
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Table 4.1.64-Characteristics of fer
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Table 4.1.69-Change in fertilizer a
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Table 4.1.75-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.82-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.89-Change in credit avail
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Table 4.1.94-Percent of households
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Table 4.1.102-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.106-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.110-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.114-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.117-Regression for market
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Table 4.1.120-Change in the type of
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Table 4.1.128-Perceived change in r
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Table 4.1.135-Main reason for stori
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Table 4.1.140-Summary of food expen
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Table 4.1.144-Food consumption by e
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Table 4.1.149-Results of regression
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Table 4.1.152-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.156-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.160-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.162-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.165-Main source of water
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Table 4.1.170-Source of information
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Table 4.1.176-Source of information
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Table 4.1.181-Regression for percei
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Table 4.2.5-Change in number of veh
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Table 4.2.12-Availability and sourc
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Table 4.2.21-Number of GFs per vill
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Table 4.2.30-Percentage of villages
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Table 4.2.34-Distribution of villag
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Table 4.3.1-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.9-Number of each type of
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Table 4.3.12-Percentage of secretar
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Table 4.3.19-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.24-Percentage of inputs s
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Table 4.3.32-Average value of curre
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Table 4.3.40-Percentage of GVs in w
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CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS FROM THE MALAWI
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The weights are used to calculate a
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On average, around 20 percent of th
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agricultural work. Other less commo
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5.1.4 Time allocation In Malawi, as
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attributed it to the fact that fert
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insignificant. The coefficient on t
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As in the results from the previous
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most important sources of input on
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applied for credit compared to 20 p
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less than 1 mt per ha which are fai
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5.1.9 Agricultural marketing Market
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Households that belong to a club al
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most important contractors are the
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indicates that the extent of povert
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wheat, and fruits and nuts, a highe
Page 270 and 271: Surprisingly, the education of the
Page 272 and 273: Housing characteristics The overwhe
Page 274 and 275: It was also important to find out w
Page 276 and 277: Surprisingly, tobacco growers are m
Page 278 and 279: Over three-quarter of the EPAs repo
Page 280 and 281: The changes in the number and types
Page 282 and 283: 5.2.11 Storage Facilities On averag
Page 284 and 285: Table 5.2 - Household characteristi
Page 286 and 287: Table 5.7 - Percentage of household
Page 288 and 289: Table 5.12 - Farm labor use and all
Page 290 and 291: Table 5.15 - Determinants of the de
Page 292 and 293: Table 5.17 - Sources of fertilizer
Page 294 and 295: Table 5.22 - Access and use of cred
Page 296 and 297: Table 5.25 - Percent of households
Page 300 and 301: Table 5.34 - Crop disposal by type
Page 302 and 303: Table 5.38 - Determinants of Market
Page 304 and 305: Table 5.42 - Summary of expenditure
Page 306 and 307: Table 5.45 - Food consumption by so
Page 312 and 313: Table 5.51 - Food consumption by ex
Page 314 and 315: Table 5.56 - Determinants of per ca
Page 316 and 317: Table 5.59 Percent of households ow
Page 318 and 319: Table 5.62 - Characteristics of the
Page 322 and 323: Table 5.71 - Average yields per cro
Page 324 and 325: Table 5.77 - Changes in the availab
Page 326 and 327: Figure 5.1 Distribution of househol
Page 328 and 329: Figure 5.7 - Percentage of Househol
Page 330 and 331: CHAPTER 6 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
Page 332 and 333: Fertilizer Half of the far
Page 334 and 335: Regression analysis indicates that
Page 336 and 337: Among those seeing improvement, the
Page 338 and 339: Agricultural markets Three quart
Page 340 and 341: The economic reforms have boosted p
Page 342 and 343: department. The farms with very lit
Page 344 and 345: Strengthen the extension service by
Page 346 and 347: The most time-consuming agricultura
Page 348 and 349: Most common means of transport to t
Page 350 and 351: Small farmers in Malawi are mainly
Page 352 and 353: households have less assets and les
Page 354 and 355: Place more serious efforts to impro
Page 356 and 357: REFERENCES Ahoyo Adjovi, N.R. and F
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