Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...

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Table 5.62 – Characteristics of the Dwelling Expenditure Quintile Poorest 2 3 4 Richest Average value of dwelling (in MK) 4,238 5,173 6,664 7,081 7,162 Percent of houses with the following dwelling characteristics Brick/stone walls 10 9 9 17 18 Mud & brick walls 48 60 55 44 52 Mud & wood or pure mud walls 43 31 35 38 30 Earth floor 98 94 94 93 90 Cement floor 2 5 6 7 10 Tile/slate roof 2 0 1 0.5 3 Sheet metal roof 8 12 12 8 19 Straw/thatch roof 90 88 87 91 78 With electricity 2 0 1 3 0.5 Use Gas/oil/kerosene for lighting 92 95 94 95 97 Use firewood for lighting 6 5 5 2 2 Distance to nearest source of drinking water (in kms) 0.44 0.46 0.54 0.45 0.52 Distance to nearest telephone (in kms) 8 9 8 8 7 Distance to closest road accessible by truck (in kms) 0.33 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.35 Distance to District headquarters 34 33 36 32 32 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. 311
Table 5.63 – Perceptions about changes in crop profitability since 1995 Crop More profitable No change Less profitable Don’t know Maize 91 2 6 1 Potatoes 74 12 12 2 Cassava 75 10 12 3 Tobacco 71 2 4 23 Groundnuts 79 11 7 3 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.64 – Perceptions about changes in input availability since 1995 Input More available No change Less available Don’t know Modern seed varieties 68 16 14 2 Labor 49 27 15 9 Fertilizer 39 23 37 1 Pesticide/herbicide 23 19 16 42 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.65 – Perceptions about markets and infrastructure changes since 1995 Has gotten Has not Has gotten No opinion better changed worse Number of input sellers 43 26 21 10 Number of crop buyers 65 19 15 1 Information about crop prices 43 42 12 3 Information about crop production methods 40 45 12 2 Roads 11 21 68 1 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.66 – General welfare perceptions by farm size Farm size quintile Smallest 2nd 3 rd 4th Largest Total Better off 18 20 27 25 25 24 No change 15 15 6 13 14 13 Worse off 66 65 66 61 50 62.5 No opinion 0 0 1 1 0 0.5 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.67 – General welfare perceptions by expenditure group Expenditure group Poorest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Richest Total Better off 17 18 27 19 42 24 No change 11 15 7 19 11 13 Worse off 72 67 65 61 46 62.5 No opinion 0 0 1 1 0 0.5 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. 312
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IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFOR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRO
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5.1.10 Expenditure patterns .......
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backgr
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villageois, (GV)) was needed as the
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CHAPTER 2: POLICY BACKGROUND FOR BE
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2.3 Evolution of Economic Policy 2.
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Under pressure from the World Bank
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anking system has been restored to
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Fertilizer can be imported outside
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particularly urban wage-earners. On
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Soulé (1996) describes the evoluti
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led to a more sustainable agricultu
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Table 2.4 - Gross farm revenue from
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Malawi’s economy is heavily depen
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the reduction of its operations in
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crops is also difficult because tob
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Table 3.1 CROP 1982/83 1983/84 1984
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF THE BÉNIN SM
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where W v is the weight for a house
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heads. This suggests that some of t
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And school attendance is much highe
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Crop production is the main activit
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(33 percent). Livestock income is m
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Somewhat surprisingly, the relation
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It is no more common among richer h
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production, and women actually spen
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Seed use by crop Although only 18 p
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Looking at the results by departmen
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Ouémé presents an unusual case: j
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Market prices have significant effe
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policies of SONAPRA to discourage
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crops are responsible for this incr
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Respondents were asked whether the
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Female-headed households, not surpr
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households are not considered credi
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In almost every category of agricul
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This discussion implies that farms
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eturns per hectare and labor-intens
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farm household and tends to be smal
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Surprisingly, the value of sales as
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Finally, proximity to an all-season
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Changes in crop marketing In this s
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Poor households are more likely to
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it is clear that virtually all grow
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production to total expenditure is
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a significant number of household (
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non-food spending. These are follow
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Larger farms are associated with hi
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This would not be surprising in lig
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Female-headed households appear to
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poorest expenditure category to jus
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headed household were more likely t
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Households in every expenditure cat
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An important result of this analysi
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oad network, although those citing
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questions posed by the IFPRI-LARES
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With regard to cotton marketing, al
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Village leaders were asked to ident
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Marketing patterns Village leaders
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4.3: Results of the Bénin Survey o
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4.3.2 Survey methods At the time of
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officers have CM2 certificates. Thi
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Suppliers The GV representatives we
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Cotton area per GV ranges from 145
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The largest cost items are schools
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members and 10 percent of the membe
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Table 4.1.1-Description of sample o
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Table 4.1.7-Age, education, and lit
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Table 4.1.13-Ethnic background of h
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Table 4.1.19-Importance of each sou
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Table 4.1.25-Number of plots and ar
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Table 4.1.31-Land tenure by expendi
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Table 4.1.37-Change in labor alloca
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Table 4.1.42-Seed use by sex of hea
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Table 4.1.47-Perceived change in av
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Table 4.1.54-Share of producers of
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Table 4.1.59-Fertilizer use by farm
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Table 4.1.64-Characteristics of fer
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Table 4.1.69-Change in fertilizer a
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Table 4.1.75-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.82-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.89-Change in credit avail
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Table 4.1.94-Percent of households
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Table 4.1.102-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.106-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.110-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.114-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.117-Regression for market
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Table 4.1.120-Change in the type of
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Table 4.1.128-Perceived change in r
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Table 4.1.135-Main reason for stori
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Table 4.1.140-Summary of food expen
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Table 4.1.144-Food consumption by e
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Table 4.1.149-Results of regression
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Table 4.1.152-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.156-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.160-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.162-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.165-Main source of water
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Table 4.1.170-Source of information
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Table 4.1.176-Source of information
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Table 4.1.181-Regression for percei
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Table 4.2.5-Change in number of veh
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Table 4.2.12-Availability and sourc
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Table 4.2.21-Number of GFs per vill
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Table 4.2.30-Percentage of villages
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Table 4.2.34-Distribution of villag
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Table 4.3.1-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.9-Number of each type of
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Table 4.3.12-Percentage of secretar
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Table 4.3.19-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.24-Percentage of inputs s
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Table 4.3.32-Average value of curre
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Table 4.3.40-Percentage of GVs in w
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CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS FROM THE MALAWI
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The weights are used to calculate a
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On average, around 20 percent of th
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agricultural work. Other less commo
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5.1.4 Time allocation In Malawi, as
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attributed it to the fact that fert
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insignificant. The coefficient on t
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As in the results from the previous
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most important sources of input on
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applied for credit compared to 20 p
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less than 1 mt per ha which are fai
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5.1.9 Agricultural marketing Market
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Households that belong to a club al
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most important contractors are the
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indicates that the extent of povert
Page 268 and 269: wheat, and fruits and nuts, a highe
Page 270 and 271: Surprisingly, the education of the
Page 272 and 273: Housing characteristics The overwhe
Page 274 and 275: It was also important to find out w
Page 276 and 277: Surprisingly, tobacco growers are m
Page 278 and 279: Over three-quarter of the EPAs repo
Page 280 and 281: The changes in the number and types
Page 282 and 283: 5.2.11 Storage Facilities On averag
Page 284 and 285: Table 5.2 - Household characteristi
Page 286 and 287: Table 5.7 - Percentage of household
Page 288 and 289: Table 5.12 - Farm labor use and all
Page 290 and 291: Table 5.15 - Determinants of the de
Page 292 and 293: Table 5.17 - Sources of fertilizer
Page 294 and 295: Table 5.22 - Access and use of cred
Page 296 and 297: Table 5.25 - Percent of households
Page 300 and 301: Table 5.34 - Crop disposal by type
Page 302 and 303: Table 5.38 - Determinants of Market
Page 304 and 305: Table 5.42 - Summary of expenditure
Page 306 and 307: Table 5.45 - Food consumption by so
Page 312 and 313: Table 5.51 - Food consumption by ex
Page 314 and 315: Table 5.56 - Determinants of per ca
Page 316 and 317: Table 5.59 Percent of households ow
Page 320 and 321: Table 5.68 - Determinants of percei
Page 322 and 323: Table 5.71 - Average yields per cro
Page 324 and 325: Table 5.77 - Changes in the availab
Page 326 and 327: Figure 5.1 Distribution of househol
Page 328 and 329: Figure 5.7 - Percentage of Househol
Page 330 and 331: CHAPTER 6 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
Page 332 and 333: Fertilizer Half of the far
Page 334 and 335: Regression analysis indicates that
Page 336 and 337: Among those seeing improvement, the
Page 338 and 339: Agricultural markets Three quart
Page 340 and 341: The economic reforms have boosted p
Page 342 and 343: department. The farms with very lit
Page 344 and 345: Strengthen the extension service by
Page 346 and 347: The most time-consuming agricultura
Page 348 and 349: Most common means of transport to t
Page 350 and 351: Small farmers in Malawi are mainly
Page 352 and 353: households have less assets and les
Page 354 and 355: Place more serious efforts to impro
Page 356 and 357: REFERENCES Ahoyo Adjovi, N.R. and F
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