Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...

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Table 5.56 – Determinants of per capita consumption expenditure Regression estimating log exppc Source | SS df MS Number of obs = 788 -------------+------------------------------ F( 38, 749) = 15.95 Model | 152.770093 38 4.0202656 Prob > F = 0.0000 Residual | 188.78579 749 .252050454 R-squared = 0.4473 -------------+------------------------------ Adj R-squared = 0.4192 Total | 341.555882 787 .433997309 Root MSE = .50205 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ lnexppc | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+---------------------------------------------------------------- hhsize | -.1070494 .0077921 -13.74 0.000 -.1223464 -.0917525 under15p | -.6436896 .0903874 -7.12 0.000 -.8211325 -.4662467 over65p | .3371403 .2139862 1.58 0.116 -.0829437 .7572242 femhead | -.0706999 .0656685 -1.08 0.282 -.199616 .0582163 agehead | .0066535 .0082306 0.81 0.419 -.0095043 .0228114 age2 | -.0001434 .0000942 -1.52 0.129 -.0003284 .0000416 edhd1 | .0310149 .0648142 0.48 0.632 -.0962242 .1582541 edhd2 | .1459812 .1062637 1.37 0.170 -.062629 .3545913 lithead | .0368738 .0611134 0.60 0.546 -.0831 .1568477 edsp1 | .0110099 .0464999 0.24 0.813 -.0802758 .1022956 edsp2 | -.0947672 .1455555 -0.65 0.515 -.3805126 .1909782 litsps | .0000233 .068969 0.00 1.000 -.1353722 .1354189 fsize | .1267754 .0199986 6.34 0.000 .0875154 .1660353 tobgrow | -.0204916 .0476492 -0.43 0.667 -.1140335 .0730503 irrig | -.2123971 .0957901 -2.22 0.027 -.400446 -.0243481 connect | .0499387 .0391208 1.28 0.202 -.0268606 .1267381 club | -.0036265 .0495189 -0.07 0.942 -.100839 .0935859 coop | .1710959 .0779682 2.19 0.029 .0180337 .3241581 extcont | .0990275 .0451478 2.19 0.029 .0103961 .1876588 chewa | -.1250325 .0810241 -1.54 0.123 -.2840939 .0340289 ngoni | -.0463218 .0774297 -0.60 0.550 -.1983269 .1056832 tumb | .0961033 .0796416 1.21 0.228 -.060244 .2524506 lomw | -.0901606 .0806181 -1.12 0.264 -.248425 .0681037 yawo | -.0852992 .0741856 -1.15 0.251 -.2309356 .0603372 goodflor | .0032711 .1003011 0.03 0.974 -.1936337 .2001758 goodwall | .0560855 .0632834 0.89 0.376 -.0681485 .1803195 goodroof | .165033 .0770481 2.14 0.033 .0137771 .3162889 goodwatr | .0004287 .0375396 0.01 0.991 -.0732666 .074124 electric | -.0349358 .2131323 -0.16 0.870 -.4533436 .383472 reg1 | .0065846 .0732282 0.09 0.928 -.1371723 .1503416 reg2 | .0975216 .0641322 1.52 0.129 -.0283786 .2234218 chair | .1232313 .055304 2.23 0.026 .0146621 .2318006 bed | .1182959 .0487621 2.43 0.016 .0225692 .2140227 table | .0641259 .0586352 1.09 0.274 -.0509831 .1792349 radio | .1507284 .041699 3.61 0.000 .0688676 .2325891 tv | .0878288 .2004457 0.44 0.661 -.3056734 .4813309 bike | .0639864 .0417402 1.53 0.126 -.0179553 .1459281 mbike | .4962157 .5161258 0.96 0.337 -.5170095 1.509441 _cons | 8.096815 .189939 42.63 0.000 7.723939 8.469691 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 5.57 – Ownership of household assets Percentage of Number households of assets that own the (including asset zeros Number of assets (without zeros Age of the most recent asset Value of assets in MK (calculated with zeros Value of Assests in MK (calculated without zeros ) Household assets Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Chairs 47 1.9 4.1 2.6 63 146 Tables 41 0.5 1.2 2.6 45 119 Beds 31 0.4 1.3 2.1 59 211 Other furniture 8 0.2 2.1 0.4 21 352 Electric fans 0 0.0 . 0.0 0 . Radio,cassette, CD player 55 0.7 1.2 2.1 271 501 307
Television,VCR 1 0.0 1.0 0.0 7 919 Sewing Machine 4 0.0 1.1 0.5 22 908 Stove,oven 1 0.0 1.1 0.1 3 251 Bicycle 41 0.5 1.1 1.8 387 966 Motorcycle 0 0.0 1.0 0.0 28 11,000 Car 1 0.0 1.0 0.0 294 52,022 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.58 – Percent of households owning household assets by region Name of Region Household assets Northern Central Southern Chairs 63 37 52 Tables 57 33 44 Beds 53 23 33 Other furniture 19 4 9 Electric fans 0 0 0 Radio,cassette,CD player 58 53 57 Television,VCR 0 1 1 Sewing Machine 6 4 3 Stove,oven 0 3 0 Bicycle 47 43 39 Motorcycle 0 0 1 Car 2 0 1 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. 308
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IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFOR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRO
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5.1.10 Expenditure patterns .......
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backgr
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villageois, (GV)) was needed as the
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CHAPTER 2: POLICY BACKGROUND FOR BE
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2.3 Evolution of Economic Policy 2.
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Under pressure from the World Bank
Page 18 and 19:
anking system has been restored to
Page 20 and 21:
Fertilizer can be imported outside
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particularly urban wage-earners. On
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Soulé (1996) describes the evoluti
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led to a more sustainable agricultu
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Table 2.4 - Gross farm revenue from
Page 31 and 32:
Malawi’s economy is heavily depen
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the reduction of its operations in
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crops is also difficult because tob
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Table 3.1 CROP 1982/83 1983/84 1984
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF THE BÉNIN SM
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where W v is the weight for a house
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heads. This suggests that some of t
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And school attendance is much highe
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Crop production is the main activit
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(33 percent). Livestock income is m
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Somewhat surprisingly, the relation
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It is no more common among richer h
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production, and women actually spen
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Seed use by crop Although only 18 p
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Looking at the results by departmen
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Ouémé presents an unusual case: j
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Market prices have significant effe
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policies of SONAPRA to discourage
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crops are responsible for this incr
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Respondents were asked whether the
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Female-headed households, not surpr
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households are not considered credi
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In almost every category of agricul
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This discussion implies that farms
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eturns per hectare and labor-intens
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farm household and tends to be smal
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Surprisingly, the value of sales as
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Finally, proximity to an all-season
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Changes in crop marketing In this s
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Poor households are more likely to
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it is clear that virtually all grow
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production to total expenditure is
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a significant number of household (
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non-food spending. These are follow
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Larger farms are associated with hi
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This would not be surprising in lig
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Female-headed households appear to
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poorest expenditure category to jus
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headed household were more likely t
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Households in every expenditure cat
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An important result of this analysi
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oad network, although those citing
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questions posed by the IFPRI-LARES
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With regard to cotton marketing, al
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Village leaders were asked to ident
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Marketing patterns Village leaders
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4.3: Results of the Bénin Survey o
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4.3.2 Survey methods At the time of
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officers have CM2 certificates. Thi
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Suppliers The GV representatives we
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Cotton area per GV ranges from 145
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The largest cost items are schools
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members and 10 percent of the membe
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Table 4.1.1-Description of sample o
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Table 4.1.7-Age, education, and lit
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Table 4.1.13-Ethnic background of h
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Table 4.1.19-Importance of each sou
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Table 4.1.25-Number of plots and ar
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Table 4.1.31-Land tenure by expendi
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Table 4.1.37-Change in labor alloca
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Table 4.1.42-Seed use by sex of hea
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Table 4.1.47-Perceived change in av
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Table 4.1.54-Share of producers of
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Table 4.1.59-Fertilizer use by farm
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Table 4.1.64-Characteristics of fer
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Table 4.1.69-Change in fertilizer a
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Table 4.1.75-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.82-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.89-Change in credit avail
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Table 4.1.94-Percent of households
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Table 4.1.102-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.106-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.110-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.114-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.117-Regression for market
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Table 4.1.120-Change in the type of
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Table 4.1.128-Perceived change in r
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Table 4.1.135-Main reason for stori
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Table 4.1.140-Summary of food expen
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Table 4.1.144-Food consumption by e
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Table 4.1.149-Results of regression
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Table 4.1.152-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.156-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.160-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.162-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.165-Main source of water
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Table 4.1.170-Source of information
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Table 4.1.176-Source of information
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Table 4.1.181-Regression for percei
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Table 4.2.5-Change in number of veh
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Table 4.2.12-Availability and sourc
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Table 4.2.21-Number of GFs per vill
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Table 4.2.30-Percentage of villages
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Table 4.2.34-Distribution of villag
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Table 4.3.1-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.9-Number of each type of
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Table 4.3.12-Percentage of secretar
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Table 4.3.19-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.24-Percentage of inputs s
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Table 4.3.32-Average value of curre
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Table 4.3.40-Percentage of GVs in w
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CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS FROM THE MALAWI
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The weights are used to calculate a
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On average, around 20 percent of th
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agricultural work. Other less commo
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5.1.4 Time allocation In Malawi, as
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attributed it to the fact that fert
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insignificant. The coefficient on t
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As in the results from the previous
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most important sources of input on
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applied for credit compared to 20 p
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less than 1 mt per ha which are fai
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5.1.9 Agricultural marketing Market
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Households that belong to a club al
Page 264 and 265: most important contractors are the
Page 266 and 267: indicates that the extent of povert
Page 268 and 269: wheat, and fruits and nuts, a highe
Page 270 and 271: Surprisingly, the education of the
Page 272 and 273: Housing characteristics The overwhe
Page 274 and 275: It was also important to find out w
Page 276 and 277: Surprisingly, tobacco growers are m
Page 278 and 279: Over three-quarter of the EPAs repo
Page 280 and 281: The changes in the number and types
Page 282 and 283: 5.2.11 Storage Facilities On averag
Page 284 and 285: Table 5.2 - Household characteristi
Page 286 and 287: Table 5.7 - Percentage of household
Page 288 and 289: Table 5.12 - Farm labor use and all
Page 290 and 291: Table 5.15 - Determinants of the de
Page 292 and 293: Table 5.17 - Sources of fertilizer
Page 294 and 295: Table 5.22 - Access and use of cred
Page 296 and 297: Table 5.25 - Percent of households
Page 300 and 301: Table 5.34 - Crop disposal by type
Page 302 and 303: Table 5.38 - Determinants of Market
Page 304 and 305: Table 5.42 - Summary of expenditure
Page 306 and 307: Table 5.45 - Food consumption by so
Page 312 and 313: Table 5.51 - Food consumption by ex
Page 316 and 317: Table 5.59 Percent of households ow
Page 318 and 319: Table 5.62 - Characteristics of the
Page 320 and 321: Table 5.68 - Determinants of percei
Page 322 and 323: Table 5.71 - Average yields per cro
Page 324 and 325: Table 5.77 - Changes in the availab
Page 326 and 327: Figure 5.1 Distribution of househol
Page 328 and 329: Figure 5.7 - Percentage of Househol
Page 330 and 331: CHAPTER 6 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
Page 332 and 333: Fertilizer Half of the far
Page 334 and 335: Regression analysis indicates that
Page 336 and 337: Among those seeing improvement, the
Page 338 and 339: Agricultural markets Three quart
Page 340 and 341: The economic reforms have boosted p
Page 342 and 343: department. The farms with very lit
Page 344 and 345: Strengthen the extension service by
Page 346 and 347: The most time-consuming agricultura
Page 348 and 349: Most common means of transport to t
Page 350 and 351: Small farmers in Malawi are mainly
Page 352 and 353: households have less assets and les
Page 354 and 355: Place more serious efforts to impro
Page 356 and 357: REFERENCES Ahoyo Adjovi, N.R. and F
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