Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...

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Table 5.51 – Food consumption by expenditure category (percent of household total) Expenditure quintile Poorest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Richest Maize 47 40 33 28 26 Potatoes 3 5 4 5 3 Cassava 4 2 2 2 2 Rice 1 3 3 6 5 Beans/Pulse 5 5 4 6 4 Sorghum 0 1 1 0 2 Groundnuts 6 5 6 5 4 Wheat and prod 0 0 1 1 1 Other legumes 1 1 0 0 1 Leafy vegetables 8 7 5 6 5 Tomatoes 4 5 6 4 3 Onion 0 0 1 1 1 Other vegetables 0 0 0 0 0 Fruits & Nuts 0 0 0 0 0 Beef 2 2 3 4 5 Chicken 1 1 1 1 1 Other Meat 1 2 3 4 2 Fish 8 8 8 8 9 Eggs 3 5 6 7 9 Dairy products 0 0 1 1 2 Sweets 0 0 0 0 0 Sugar 3 3 4 3 3 Cooking Oil 1 1 2 2 3 Food away from home 0 0 0 0 1 Other food 0 0 0 0 0 Coffee/tea 1 0 1 2 3 Soft drinks 0 0 1 0 1 Alcohol 1 2 2 1 4 Other beverage(s) 0 0 0 0 0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Value (K/household) 4945 7,310 9,379 10,828 17,148 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.52 – Summary of non-food expenditure patterns MK per household MK per person Percentage of Total Clothing 556 119 17 Housing 36 8 1 Household goods 1,046 234 32 Energy 351 74 11 Health 67 14 2 Education 66 12 2 Transportation 444 104 13 Social events 80 17 2 Leisure and other 662 116 20 Total 3,308 697 100 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. 305
Table 5.53 – Non-food expenditure patterns by region Name of Region Northern Central Southern Percentage of non-food expenditure spent on: Clothing 13 17 18 Housing 1 1 1 Household goods 21 32 35 Energy 25 8 8 Health 2 2 2 Education 3 2 2 Transportation 24 9 15 Social events 3 3 2 Leisure and other 7 27 18 Total 100 100 100 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.54 – Non-food expenditure patterns by sex of head of household Gender Male Female Percentage of non-food expenditure spent on: Clothing 17 17 Housing 1 1 Household goods 30 37 Energy 10 11 Health 2 3 Education 2 2 Transportation 14 13 Social events 2 3 Leisure and other 22 13 Total 100 100 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.55 – Non-food expenditure patterns by expenditure category Expenditure quintiles Poorest 2nd 3rd 4th Richest Percentage of non-food expenditure spent on: Clothing 24 21 19 18 11 Housing 1 1 2 1 1 Household goods 43 36 35 36 23 Energy 10 9 10 9 13 Health 3 3 2 2 2 Education 4 4 3 1 1 Transportation 3 13 15 16 15 Social events 4 3 3 3 1 Leisure and other 10 11 11 16 34 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. 306
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IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFOR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRO
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5.1.10 Expenditure patterns .......
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backgr
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villageois, (GV)) was needed as the
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CHAPTER 2: POLICY BACKGROUND FOR BE
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2.3 Evolution of Economic Policy 2.
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Under pressure from the World Bank
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anking system has been restored to
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Fertilizer can be imported outside
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particularly urban wage-earners. On
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Soulé (1996) describes the evoluti
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led to a more sustainable agricultu
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Table 2.4 - Gross farm revenue from
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Malawi’s economy is heavily depen
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the reduction of its operations in
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crops is also difficult because tob
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Table 3.1 CROP 1982/83 1983/84 1984
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF THE BÉNIN SM
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where W v is the weight for a house
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heads. This suggests that some of t
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And school attendance is much highe
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Crop production is the main activit
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(33 percent). Livestock income is m
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Somewhat surprisingly, the relation
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It is no more common among richer h
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production, and women actually spen
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Seed use by crop Although only 18 p
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Looking at the results by departmen
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Ouémé presents an unusual case: j
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Market prices have significant effe
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policies of SONAPRA to discourage
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crops are responsible for this incr
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Respondents were asked whether the
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Female-headed households, not surpr
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households are not considered credi
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In almost every category of agricul
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This discussion implies that farms
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eturns per hectare and labor-intens
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farm household and tends to be smal
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Surprisingly, the value of sales as
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Finally, proximity to an all-season
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Changes in crop marketing In this s
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Poor households are more likely to
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it is clear that virtually all grow
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production to total expenditure is
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a significant number of household (
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non-food spending. These are follow
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Larger farms are associated with hi
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This would not be surprising in lig
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Female-headed households appear to
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poorest expenditure category to jus
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headed household were more likely t
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Households in every expenditure cat
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An important result of this analysi
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oad network, although those citing
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questions posed by the IFPRI-LARES
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With regard to cotton marketing, al
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Village leaders were asked to ident
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Marketing patterns Village leaders
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4.3: Results of the Bénin Survey o
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4.3.2 Survey methods At the time of
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officers have CM2 certificates. Thi
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Suppliers The GV representatives we
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Cotton area per GV ranges from 145
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The largest cost items are schools
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members and 10 percent of the membe
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Table 4.1.1-Description of sample o
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Table 4.1.7-Age, education, and lit
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Table 4.1.13-Ethnic background of h
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Table 4.1.19-Importance of each sou
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Table 4.1.25-Number of plots and ar
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Table 4.1.31-Land tenure by expendi
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Table 4.1.37-Change in labor alloca
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Table 4.1.42-Seed use by sex of hea
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Table 4.1.47-Perceived change in av
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Table 4.1.54-Share of producers of
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Table 4.1.59-Fertilizer use by farm
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Table 4.1.64-Characteristics of fer
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Table 4.1.69-Change in fertilizer a
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Table 4.1.75-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.82-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.89-Change in credit avail
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Table 4.1.94-Percent of households
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Table 4.1.102-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.106-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.110-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.114-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.117-Regression for market
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Table 4.1.120-Change in the type of
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Table 4.1.128-Perceived change in r
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Table 4.1.135-Main reason for stori
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Table 4.1.140-Summary of food expen
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Table 4.1.144-Food consumption by e
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Table 4.1.149-Results of regression
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Table 4.1.152-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.156-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.160-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.162-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.165-Main source of water
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Table 4.1.170-Source of information
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Table 4.1.176-Source of information
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Table 4.1.181-Regression for percei
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Table 4.2.5-Change in number of veh
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Table 4.2.12-Availability and sourc
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Table 4.2.21-Number of GFs per vill
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Table 4.2.30-Percentage of villages
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Table 4.2.34-Distribution of villag
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Table 4.3.1-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.9-Number of each type of
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Table 4.3.12-Percentage of secretar
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Table 4.3.19-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.24-Percentage of inputs s
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Table 4.3.32-Average value of curre
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Table 4.3.40-Percentage of GVs in w
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CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS FROM THE MALAWI
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The weights are used to calculate a
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On average, around 20 percent of th
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agricultural work. Other less commo
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5.1.4 Time allocation In Malawi, as
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attributed it to the fact that fert
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insignificant. The coefficient on t
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As in the results from the previous
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most important sources of input on
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applied for credit compared to 20 p
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less than 1 mt per ha which are fai
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5.1.9 Agricultural marketing Market
Page 262 and 263: Households that belong to a club al
Page 264 and 265: most important contractors are the
Page 266 and 267: indicates that the extent of povert
Page 268 and 269: wheat, and fruits and nuts, a highe
Page 270 and 271: Surprisingly, the education of the
Page 272 and 273: Housing characteristics The overwhe
Page 274 and 275: It was also important to find out w
Page 276 and 277: Surprisingly, tobacco growers are m
Page 278 and 279: Over three-quarter of the EPAs repo
Page 280 and 281: The changes in the number and types
Page 282 and 283: 5.2.11 Storage Facilities On averag
Page 284 and 285: Table 5.2 - Household characteristi
Page 286 and 287: Table 5.7 - Percentage of household
Page 288 and 289: Table 5.12 - Farm labor use and all
Page 290 and 291: Table 5.15 - Determinants of the de
Page 292 and 293: Table 5.17 - Sources of fertilizer
Page 294 and 295: Table 5.22 - Access and use of cred
Page 296 and 297: Table 5.25 - Percent of households
Page 300 and 301: Table 5.34 - Crop disposal by type
Page 302 and 303: Table 5.38 - Determinants of Market
Page 304 and 305: Table 5.42 - Summary of expenditure
Page 306 and 307: Table 5.45 - Food consumption by so
Page 314 and 315: Table 5.56 - Determinants of per ca
Page 316 and 317: Table 5.59 Percent of households ow
Page 318 and 319: Table 5.62 - Characteristics of the
Page 320 and 321: Table 5.68 - Determinants of percei
Page 322 and 323: Table 5.71 - Average yields per cro
Page 324 and 325: Table 5.77 - Changes in the availab
Page 326 and 327: Figure 5.1 Distribution of househol
Page 328 and 329: Figure 5.7 - Percentage of Househol
Page 330 and 331: CHAPTER 6 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
Page 332 and 333: Fertilizer Half of the far
Page 334 and 335: Regression analysis indicates that
Page 336 and 337: Among those seeing improvement, the
Page 338 and 339: Agricultural markets Three quart
Page 340 and 341: The economic reforms have boosted p
Page 342 and 343: department. The farms with very lit
Page 344 and 345: Strengthen the extension service by
Page 346 and 347: The most time-consuming agricultura
Page 348 and 349: Most common means of transport to t
Page 350 and 351: Small farmers in Malawi are mainly
Page 352 and 353: households have less assets and les
Page 354 and 355: Place more serious efforts to impro
Page 356 and 357: REFERENCES Ahoyo Adjovi, N.R. and F
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