Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...

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Table 5.12 – Farm labor use and allocation by type of activity Activities Family Labor (in person days and percent) Male Female Child Total Family Labor (person - days and percentage) Total Hired Labor (person - days and percentage) Total Labor Use (person – days) Land preparation 16 (34) 21 (33) 11 (30) 43 (34) 2.7 (38) 46 Planting 4 (10) 6 (10) 3 (12) 12 (10) 0.3 (4) 12 Weeding 13 (29) 19 (29) 9 (26) 37 (29) 2.2 (31) 39 Fertilizer application 1 (2) 1 (1) 1 (2) 2 (1) 0.1 (1) 2 Topping/desuckering 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (2) 2 (1) 0.4 (6) 2 Harvesting 9 (19) 12 (19) 6 (20) 23 (19) 1.1(15) 24 Threshing/ cleaning 2 (5) 4 (6) 2 (7) 7 (5) 0.3 (4) 7 Total in person days 46 (100) 63 (100) 16 (100) 125 (100) 7.1 (100) 132 Note: Figures in parentheses are column percentages. Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.13 – Family labor use by type of crop Crop Total Family labor (in person days) Males share of total family labor Female share of total family labor Child share of total family labor Maize 61 32 50 18 Sweet potato 27 35 46 19 Cassava 39 32 51 17 Rice 56 30 50 21 Beans/Pulses 31 29 55 16 Sorghum 29 33 57 10 Groundnuts 36 31 49 20 Vegetables 38 44 36 20 Tobacco 75 40 41 19 Cotton 69 42 47 11 Soybeans 32 36 46 18 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. 281
Table 5.14 – Descriptive statistics of variables in Malawi fertilizer model Variable Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. Description qfert* 105.858 111.197 1.00 1200.00 Quantity of fertilizer applied to plot (kg) hhsize 5.356 2.531 1.00 44.00 Size of the household femhead 0.227 0.419 0.00 1.00 Dummy for female headed household age 41.352 14.039 18.00 86.00 Age of household head pct0_5 19.393 18.161 0.00 75.00 Pct. of members 0 to 5 years old pct6_15 25.383 20.330 0.00 80.00 Pct. of members 6 to 15 years old pctov65 2.400 10.102 0.00 100.00 Pct. of members over 65 years old educ1 0.678 0.467 0.00 1.00 Dummy for head has primary education educ2 0.067 0.251 0.00 1.00 Dummy for head has higher education ethn1 0.361 0.480 0.00 1.00 Dummy for Chewa ethnic group ethn2 0.116 0.320 0.00 1.00 Dummy for Ngoni ethnic group ethn3 0.147 0.354 0.00 1.00 Dummy for Tumbuka ethnic group ethn4 0.106 0.308 0.00 1.00 Dummy for Lomwe ethnic group ethn5 0.124 0.330 0.00 1.00 Dummy for Yawo ethnic group pmaize 4.172 3.188 0.80 35.71 Price of maize (MK/kg) ptob 16.995 4.993 2.94 32.69 Price of tobacco (MK/kg) pfert 11.516 12.290 5.86 86.18 Average price of fertilizer (MK/kg) wage 63.528 49.930 3.00 500.00 Wage rate (MK/day) plotarea 0.445 0.353 0.00 6.48 Size of plot in hectares plotar2 0.322 1.184 0.00 41.93 Size of plot in hectares squared farmsize 2.098 1.486 0.20 11.33 Total farm size in hectares farmsz2 6.610 13.930 0.04 128.41 Total farm size in hectares squared owner 0.961 0.193 0.00 1.00 Dummy variable for plot ownership irr 0.070 0.255 0.00 1.00 Dummy variable for irrigated plot reg2 0.456 0.498 0.00 1.00 Dummy variable for Central region reg3 0.289 0.453 0.00 1.00 Dummy variable for Southern region tob 0.086 0.280 0.00 1.00 Dummy variable for tobacco plot maize 0.447 0.497 0.00 1.00 Dummy variable for maize plot veg 0.042 0.201 0.00 1.00 Dummy variable for vegetable plot tbg_mzp 0.117 0.321 0.00 1.00 Dummy for maize plot and tobacco grower mzseed 0.623 0.485 0.00 1.00 Dummy for maize seed buyer tbseed 0.192 0.394 0.00 1.00 Dummy for tobacco seed buyer extvisit 17.533 15.014 0.00 60.00 Number of contacts with extension club 0.277 0.447 0.00 1.00 Dummy club membership coop 0.100 0.300 0.00 1.00 Dummy cooperative membership distfert 7.463 5.423 0.40 33.63 Distance to fertilizer seller (km) expend 3268.603 2881.804 59.00 25567.45 Expenditure (MK/person) nfincval 2101.196 6130.869 0.00 77600.00 Nonfarm income (MK) catnum 0.534 1.771 0.00 18.00 Number of cattle goatnum 6.905 8.991 0.00 56.00 Number of goats pignum 1.970 3.290 0.00 22.00 Number of pigs Source: 1998 IFPRI-APRU National Survey of Small Farmers in Malawi Note: The statistics for qfert refer to the 500 plots with positive fertilizer use, while the statistics for the other variables refer to all 2668 plots 282
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IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFOR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRO
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5.1.10 Expenditure patterns .......
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backgr
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villageois, (GV)) was needed as the
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CHAPTER 2: POLICY BACKGROUND FOR BE
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2.3 Evolution of Economic Policy 2.
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Under pressure from the World Bank
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anking system has been restored to
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Fertilizer can be imported outside
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particularly urban wage-earners. On
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Soulé (1996) describes the evoluti
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led to a more sustainable agricultu
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Table 2.4 - Gross farm revenue from
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Malawi’s economy is heavily depen
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the reduction of its operations in
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crops is also difficult because tob
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Table 3.1 CROP 1982/83 1983/84 1984
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF THE BÉNIN SM
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where W v is the weight for a house
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heads. This suggests that some of t
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And school attendance is much highe
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Crop production is the main activit
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(33 percent). Livestock income is m
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Somewhat surprisingly, the relation
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It is no more common among richer h
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production, and women actually spen
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Seed use by crop Although only 18 p
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Looking at the results by departmen
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Ouémé presents an unusual case: j
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Market prices have significant effe
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policies of SONAPRA to discourage
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crops are responsible for this incr
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Respondents were asked whether the
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Female-headed households, not surpr
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households are not considered credi
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In almost every category of agricul
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This discussion implies that farms
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eturns per hectare and labor-intens
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farm household and tends to be smal
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Surprisingly, the value of sales as
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Finally, proximity to an all-season
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Changes in crop marketing In this s
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Poor households are more likely to
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it is clear that virtually all grow
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production to total expenditure is
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a significant number of household (
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non-food spending. These are follow
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Larger farms are associated with hi
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This would not be surprising in lig
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Female-headed households appear to
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poorest expenditure category to jus
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headed household were more likely t
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Households in every expenditure cat
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An important result of this analysi
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oad network, although those citing
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questions posed by the IFPRI-LARES
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With regard to cotton marketing, al
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Village leaders were asked to ident
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Marketing patterns Village leaders
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4.3: Results of the Bénin Survey o
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4.3.2 Survey methods At the time of
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officers have CM2 certificates. Thi
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Suppliers The GV representatives we
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Cotton area per GV ranges from 145
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The largest cost items are schools
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members and 10 percent of the membe
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Table 4.1.1-Description of sample o
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Table 4.1.7-Age, education, and lit
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Table 4.1.13-Ethnic background of h
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Table 4.1.19-Importance of each sou
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Table 4.1.25-Number of plots and ar
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Table 4.1.31-Land tenure by expendi
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Table 4.1.37-Change in labor alloca
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Table 4.1.42-Seed use by sex of hea
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Table 4.1.47-Perceived change in av
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Table 4.1.54-Share of producers of
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Table 4.1.59-Fertilizer use by farm
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Table 4.1.64-Characteristics of fer
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Table 4.1.69-Change in fertilizer a
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Table 4.1.75-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.82-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.89-Change in credit avail
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Table 4.1.94-Percent of households
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Table 4.1.102-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.106-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.110-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.114-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.117-Regression for market
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Table 4.1.120-Change in the type of
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Table 4.1.128-Perceived change in r
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Table 4.1.135-Main reason for stori
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Table 4.1.140-Summary of food expen
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Table 4.1.144-Food consumption by e
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Table 4.1.149-Results of regression
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Table 4.1.152-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.156-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.160-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.162-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.165-Main source of water
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Table 4.1.170-Source of information
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Table 4.1.176-Source of information
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Table 4.1.181-Regression for percei
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Table 4.2.5-Change in number of veh
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Table 4.2.12-Availability and sourc
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Table 4.2.21-Number of GFs per vill
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Table 4.2.30-Percentage of villages
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Table 4.2.34-Distribution of villag
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Table 4.3.1-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.9-Number of each type of
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Table 4.3.12-Percentage of secretar
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Table 4.3.19-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.24-Percentage of inputs s
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Table 4.3.32-Average value of curre
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Table 4.3.40-Percentage of GVs in w
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS FROM THE MALAWI
Page 240 and 241: The weights are used to calculate a
Page 242 and 243: On average, around 20 percent of th
Page 244 and 245: agricultural work. Other less commo
Page 246 and 247: 5.1.4 Time allocation In Malawi, as
Page 248 and 249: attributed it to the fact that fert
Page 250 and 251: insignificant. The coefficient on t
Page 252 and 253: As in the results from the previous
Page 254 and 255: most important sources of input on
Page 256 and 257: applied for credit compared to 20 p
Page 258 and 259: less than 1 mt per ha which are fai
Page 260 and 261: 5.1.9 Agricultural marketing Market
Page 262 and 263: Households that belong to a club al
Page 264 and 265: most important contractors are the
Page 266 and 267: indicates that the extent of povert
Page 268 and 269: wheat, and fruits and nuts, a highe
Page 270 and 271: Surprisingly, the education of the
Page 272 and 273: Housing characteristics The overwhe
Page 274 and 275: It was also important to find out w
Page 276 and 277: Surprisingly, tobacco growers are m
Page 278 and 279: Over three-quarter of the EPAs repo
Page 280 and 281: The changes in the number and types
Page 282 and 283: 5.2.11 Storage Facilities On averag
Page 284 and 285: Table 5.2 - Household characteristi
Page 286 and 287: Table 5.7 - Percentage of household
Page 290 and 291: Table 5.15 - Determinants of the de
Page 292 and 293: Table 5.17 - Sources of fertilizer
Page 294 and 295: Table 5.22 - Access and use of cred
Page 296 and 297: Table 5.25 - Percent of households
Page 300 and 301: Table 5.34 - Crop disposal by type
Page 302 and 303: Table 5.38 - Determinants of Market
Page 304 and 305: Table 5.42 - Summary of expenditure
Page 306 and 307: Table 5.45 - Food consumption by so
Page 312 and 313: Table 5.51 - Food consumption by ex
Page 314 and 315: Table 5.56 - Determinants of per ca
Page 316 and 317: Table 5.59 Percent of households ow
Page 318 and 319: Table 5.62 - Characteristics of the
Page 320 and 321: Table 5.68 - Determinants of percei
Page 322 and 323: Table 5.71 - Average yields per cro
Page 324 and 325: Table 5.77 - Changes in the availab
Page 326 and 327: Figure 5.1 Distribution of househol
Page 328 and 329: Figure 5.7 - Percentage of Househol
Page 330 and 331: CHAPTER 6 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
Page 332 and 333: Fertilizer Half of the far
Page 334 and 335: Regression analysis indicates that
Page 336 and 337: Among those seeing improvement, the
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Agricultural markets Three quart
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The economic reforms have boosted p
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department. The farms with very lit
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Strengthen the extension service by
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The most time-consuming agricultura
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Most common means of transport to t
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Small farmers in Malawi are mainly
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households have less assets and les
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Place more serious efforts to impro
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REFERENCES Ahoyo Adjovi, N.R. and F
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