Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...

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Table 5.7 – Percentage of households and percentage of total income by income source and expenditure group Expenditure quintile Poorest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Richest Percentage of households that receive income from: Wages from ag. work 41 47 39 25 29 Wages from other work 18 16 16 16 22 Non-farm self-employ. 46 39 32 35 47 Crop Sales 44 66 70 69 69 Livestock/poultry sales 29 32 34 30 43 Remittances 20 28 35 28 30 Pension, gifts, social assist 1 7 2 6 5 Other 3 5 5 5 8 Percentage of total income from each source: Wages from ag. work 9 8 5 5 1 Wages from other work 12 10 12 17 25 Non-farm self-employ. 30 15 19 15 30 Crop Sales 29 41 52 49 29 Livestock/poultry sales 10 4 4 6 4 Remittances 6 9 4 5 5 Pension, gifts, social assist 0.5 10 0.5 1 1 Other 2 3 3 3 3 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.8 – Percentage of households and percentage of total income by income source and farm size group Farm size quintile Smallest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Largest Percentage of households that receive income from: Wages from ag. work 45 41 32 30 28 Wages from other work 21 16 15 15 23 Non-farm self-employ. 41 36 44 38 43 Crop Sales 30 63 73 76 84 Livestock/poultry sales 25 27 33 44 42 Remittances 32 27 26 37 18 Pension, gifts, social assist 6 2 5 6 4 Other 4 6 6 5 2 Percentage of total income from each source: Wages from ag. work 9 8 2 3 2 Wages from other work 19 14 12 10 30 Non-farm self-employ. 40 15 21 24 17 Crop Sales 15 39 49 50 39 Livestock/poultry sales 2 4 8 5 5 Remittances 11 6 3 4 4 Pension, gifts, social assist 2 7 1 1 1 Other 3 7 2 3 0.5 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. 279
Table 5.9 – Farm Characteristics by Region Regions North Center South Total Average No. of plots owned 4 3 3 3 Average plot size in ha 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 Average farm size in ha 2.0 1.5 1.1 1.4 Average time needed to get from residence to field (in minutes) 13 21 16 18 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.10 – Farm characteristics by farm size Farm size quintile Smallest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Largest Average No. of plots owned 2 3 3 4 5 Average plot size in ha 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 Average farm size in ha 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.8 3.0 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.11 – Time allocation to various activities by gender Activities Percent of male time in a 24-hour day Percent of female time in a 24-hour day Food Crop Production 17 16 Cash Crop Production 9 7 Other Farm Production 5 3 Buying & Selling Crops 4 2 Other non-farm employment 13 4 Leisure 11 10 Personal time 37 37 Household work 3 12 Collecting firewood 0.8 5 Collecting water 0.2 4 Note: Male is defined as the male head in the household and the female is the most active female in the household. Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. 280
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IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFOR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRO
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5.1.10 Expenditure patterns .......
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backgr
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villageois, (GV)) was needed as the
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CHAPTER 2: POLICY BACKGROUND FOR BE
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2.3 Evolution of Economic Policy 2.
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Under pressure from the World Bank
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anking system has been restored to
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Fertilizer can be imported outside
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particularly urban wage-earners. On
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Soulé (1996) describes the evoluti
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led to a more sustainable agricultu
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Table 2.4 - Gross farm revenue from
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Malawi’s economy is heavily depen
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the reduction of its operations in
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crops is also difficult because tob
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Table 3.1 CROP 1982/83 1983/84 1984
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF THE BÉNIN SM
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where W v is the weight for a house
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heads. This suggests that some of t
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And school attendance is much highe
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Crop production is the main activit
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(33 percent). Livestock income is m
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Somewhat surprisingly, the relation
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It is no more common among richer h
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production, and women actually spen
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Seed use by crop Although only 18 p
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Looking at the results by departmen
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Ouémé presents an unusual case: j
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Market prices have significant effe
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policies of SONAPRA to discourage
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crops are responsible for this incr
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Respondents were asked whether the
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Female-headed households, not surpr
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households are not considered credi
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In almost every category of agricul
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This discussion implies that farms
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eturns per hectare and labor-intens
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farm household and tends to be smal
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Surprisingly, the value of sales as
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Finally, proximity to an all-season
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Changes in crop marketing In this s
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Poor households are more likely to
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it is clear that virtually all grow
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production to total expenditure is
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a significant number of household (
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non-food spending. These are follow
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Larger farms are associated with hi
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This would not be surprising in lig
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Female-headed households appear to
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poorest expenditure category to jus
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headed household were more likely t
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Households in every expenditure cat
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An important result of this analysi
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oad network, although those citing
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questions posed by the IFPRI-LARES
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With regard to cotton marketing, al
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Village leaders were asked to ident
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Marketing patterns Village leaders
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4.3: Results of the Bénin Survey o
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4.3.2 Survey methods At the time of
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officers have CM2 certificates. Thi
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Suppliers The GV representatives we
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Cotton area per GV ranges from 145
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The largest cost items are schools
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members and 10 percent of the membe
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Table 4.1.1-Description of sample o
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Table 4.1.7-Age, education, and lit
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Table 4.1.13-Ethnic background of h
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Table 4.1.19-Importance of each sou
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Table 4.1.25-Number of plots and ar
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Table 4.1.31-Land tenure by expendi
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Table 4.1.37-Change in labor alloca
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Table 4.1.42-Seed use by sex of hea
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Table 4.1.47-Perceived change in av
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Table 4.1.54-Share of producers of
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Table 4.1.59-Fertilizer use by farm
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Table 4.1.64-Characteristics of fer
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Table 4.1.69-Change in fertilizer a
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Table 4.1.75-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.82-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.89-Change in credit avail
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Table 4.1.94-Percent of households
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Table 4.1.102-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.106-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.110-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.114-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.117-Regression for market
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Table 4.1.120-Change in the type of
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Table 4.1.128-Perceived change in r
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Table 4.1.135-Main reason for stori
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Table 4.1.140-Summary of food expen
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Table 4.1.144-Food consumption by e
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Table 4.1.149-Results of regression
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Table 4.1.152-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.156-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.160-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.162-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.165-Main source of water
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Table 4.1.170-Source of information
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Table 4.1.176-Source of information
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Table 4.1.181-Regression for percei
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Table 4.2.5-Change in number of veh
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Table 4.2.12-Availability and sourc
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Table 4.2.21-Number of GFs per vill
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Table 4.2.30-Percentage of villages
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Table 4.2.34-Distribution of villag
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Table 4.3.1-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.9-Number of each type of
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Table 4.3.12-Percentage of secretar
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Table 4.3.19-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.24-Percentage of inputs s
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Table 4.3.32-Average value of curre
Page 236 and 237: Table 4.3.40-Percentage of GVs in w
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS FROM THE MALAWI
Page 240 and 241: The weights are used to calculate a
Page 242 and 243: On average, around 20 percent of th
Page 244 and 245: agricultural work. Other less commo
Page 246 and 247: 5.1.4 Time allocation In Malawi, as
Page 248 and 249: attributed it to the fact that fert
Page 250 and 251: insignificant. The coefficient on t
Page 252 and 253: As in the results from the previous
Page 254 and 255: most important sources of input on
Page 256 and 257: applied for credit compared to 20 p
Page 258 and 259: less than 1 mt per ha which are fai
Page 260 and 261: 5.1.9 Agricultural marketing Market
Page 262 and 263: Households that belong to a club al
Page 264 and 265: most important contractors are the
Page 266 and 267: indicates that the extent of povert
Page 268 and 269: wheat, and fruits and nuts, a highe
Page 270 and 271: Surprisingly, the education of the
Page 272 and 273: Housing characteristics The overwhe
Page 274 and 275: It was also important to find out w
Page 276 and 277: Surprisingly, tobacco growers are m
Page 278 and 279: Over three-quarter of the EPAs repo
Page 280 and 281: The changes in the number and types
Page 282 and 283: 5.2.11 Storage Facilities On averag
Page 284 and 285: Table 5.2 - Household characteristi
Page 288 and 289: Table 5.12 - Farm labor use and all
Page 290 and 291: Table 5.15 - Determinants of the de
Page 292 and 293: Table 5.17 - Sources of fertilizer
Page 294 and 295: Table 5.22 - Access and use of cred
Page 296 and 297: Table 5.25 - Percent of households
Page 300 and 301: Table 5.34 - Crop disposal by type
Page 302 and 303: Table 5.38 - Determinants of Market
Page 304 and 305: Table 5.42 - Summary of expenditure
Page 306 and 307: Table 5.45 - Food consumption by so
Page 312 and 313: Table 5.51 - Food consumption by ex
Page 314 and 315: Table 5.56 - Determinants of per ca
Page 316 and 317: Table 5.59 Percent of households ow
Page 318 and 319: Table 5.62 - Characteristics of the
Page 320 and 321: Table 5.68 - Determinants of percei
Page 322 and 323: Table 5.71 - Average yields per cro
Page 324 and 325: Table 5.77 - Changes in the availab
Page 326 and 327: Figure 5.1 Distribution of househol
Page 328 and 329: Figure 5.7 - Percentage of Househol
Page 330 and 331: CHAPTER 6 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
Page 332 and 333: Fertilizer Half of the far
Page 334 and 335: Regression analysis indicates that
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Among those seeing improvement, the
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Agricultural markets Three quart
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The economic reforms have boosted p
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department. The farms with very lit
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Strengthen the extension service by
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The most time-consuming agricultura
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Most common means of transport to t
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Small farmers in Malawi are mainly
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households have less assets and les
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Place more serious efforts to impro
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REFERENCES Ahoyo Adjovi, N.R. and F
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