Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 5.2 – Household characteristics by expenditure category Expenditure category (quintile) Poorest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Richest Total Average total annual expenditures per capita (MK) 1,079 1,890 2,650 3,648 6,550 3,083 Average household Size 6 5 5 4 4 5 Average No. of children 3 3 2 2 1 2 Ethnic group: % of household heads that are Chewa 36 37 34 37 26 34 Ngoni 9 7 14 13 8 10 Tumbuka 2 5 7 6 11 6 Tonga 1 1 1 1 2 1 Lomwe 24 23 11 23 19 20 Sena 1 2 1 2 5 2 Yawo 19 17 22 8 21 17 Other 8 8 10 10 8 9 Religious affiliation: % of household heads that are Christian 73 73 76 87 72 76 Moslem 21 21 18 12 25 19 None 6 6 6 1 4 5 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.3 – Percent of household heads member in a club or association by farm size* Farm Size (quintile) Smallest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Largest Total Membership in a club 11 15 21 23 34 20 Membership in a coop./association 3 1 5 9 11 5 *The average farm size in the five groups is 0.5, 0.9, 1.3, 1.8, and 3.0 ha respectively. Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.4 – Socio-economic characteristics of the household head Expenditure category (quintile) Household head characteristics Poorest 2 nd 3 rd 4 th Richest Total Average Age 44 45 41 39 40 42 Average No. of years in farming 20 22 18 16 17 19 Percent that are: Female 45 39 25 25 23 34 Illiterate (cannot read & write) 55 47 38 36 41 44 Have had no formal education 44 39 24 22 25 31 Have had some or completed primary education 54 56 67 72 66 63 Have had some or completed JCE 2 5 1 3 7 4 Have had some or completed MSCE 0 0 7 3 10 3 Whose primary activity is farming 98 96 93 93 84 93 Whose primary activity is in services 0 2 3 3 13 4 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. 277
Table 5.5 – Sources of income and income shares Source of income Percentage of Household earning Contribution to total income (percentage) income from this source Wages from ag. labor 37 5 Wages from other work 18 17 Non farm self-employment 40 22 Crop sales 63 40 Livestock & poultry sales 33 5 Remittances 29 6 Pension, gifts, social assistance 4 2 Other 5 3 Total 100 100 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. Table 5.6 – Percentage of households and percentage of total income by income source, region, and gender Region Gender North Center South Male Female Percentage of households that receive income from: Wages from ag. work 31 36 38 39 33 Wages from other work 19 17 18 20 12 Non-farm self-employ. 57 37 39 40 39 Crop Sales 70 69 57 68 55 Livestock/poultry sales 49 36 28 34 31 Remittances 29 26 31 20 45 Pension, gifts, social assist 5 5 4 3 7 Other 7 5 5 5 5 Percentage of total income from each source: Wages from ag. work 3 4 6 4 5 Wages from other work 21 16 17 18 13 Non-farm self-employ. 22 19 26 23 20 Crop Sales 36 43 38 41 32 Livestock/poultry sales 6 8 3 4 8 Remittances 7 4 6 3 15 Pension, gifts, social assist 2 4 1 2 3 Other 3 3 3 3 3 Source: IFPRI/APRU Malawi Smallholder Farmer Survey, 1998. 278
Page 1 and 2:
IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFOR
Page 4 and 5:
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRO
Page 6 and 7:
5.1.10 Expenditure patterns .......
Page 8 and 9:
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backgr
Page 10 and 11:
villageois, (GV)) was needed as the
Page 12 and 13:
CHAPTER 2: POLICY BACKGROUND FOR BE
Page 14 and 15:
2.3 Evolution of Economic Policy 2.
Page 16 and 17:
Under pressure from the World Bank
Page 18 and 19:
anking system has been restored to
Page 20 and 21:
Fertilizer can be imported outside
Page 22 and 23:
particularly urban wage-earners. On
Page 24 and 25:
Soulé (1996) describes the evoluti
Page 26 and 27:
led to a more sustainable agricultu
Page 28:
Table 2.4 - Gross farm revenue from
Page 31 and 32:
Malawi’s economy is heavily depen
Page 33 and 34:
the reduction of its operations in
Page 35 and 36:
crops is also difficult because tob
Page 37 and 38:
Table 3.1 CROP 1982/83 1983/84 1984
Page 40 and 41:
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF THE BÉNIN SM
Page 42 and 43:
where W v is the weight for a house
Page 44 and 45:
heads. This suggests that some of t
Page 46 and 47:
And school attendance is much highe
Page 48 and 49:
Crop production is the main activit
Page 50 and 51:
(33 percent). Livestock income is m
Page 52 and 53:
Somewhat surprisingly, the relation
Page 54 and 55:
It is no more common among richer h
Page 56 and 57:
production, and women actually spen
Page 58 and 59:
Seed use by crop Although only 18 p
Page 60 and 61:
Looking at the results by departmen
Page 62 and 63:
Ouémé presents an unusual case: j
Page 64 and 65:
Market prices have significant effe
Page 66 and 67:
policies of SONAPRA to discourage
Page 68 and 69:
crops are responsible for this incr
Page 70 and 71:
Respondents were asked whether the
Page 72 and 73:
Female-headed households, not surpr
Page 74 and 75:
households are not considered credi
Page 76 and 77:
In almost every category of agricul
Page 78 and 79:
This discussion implies that farms
Page 80 and 81:
eturns per hectare and labor-intens
Page 82 and 83:
farm household and tends to be smal
Page 84 and 85:
Surprisingly, the value of sales as
Page 86 and 87:
Finally, proximity to an all-season
Page 88 and 89:
Changes in crop marketing In this s
Page 90 and 91:
Poor households are more likely to
Page 92 and 93:
it is clear that virtually all grow
Page 94 and 95:
production to total expenditure is
Page 96 and 97:
a significant number of household (
Page 98 and 99:
non-food spending. These are follow
Page 100 and 101:
Larger farms are associated with hi
Page 102 and 103:
This would not be surprising in lig
Page 104 and 105:
Female-headed households appear to
Page 106 and 107:
poorest expenditure category to jus
Page 108 and 109:
headed household were more likely t
Page 110 and 111:
Households in every expenditure cat
Page 112 and 113:
An important result of this analysi
Page 114 and 115:
oad network, although those citing
Page 116 and 117:
questions posed by the IFPRI-LARES
Page 118 and 119:
With regard to cotton marketing, al
Page 120 and 121:
Village leaders were asked to ident
Page 122 and 123:
Marketing patterns Village leaders
Page 124 and 125:
4.3: Results of the Bénin Survey o
Page 126 and 127:
4.3.2 Survey methods At the time of
Page 128 and 129:
officers have CM2 certificates. Thi
Page 130 and 131:
Suppliers The GV representatives we
Page 132 and 133:
Cotton area per GV ranges from 145
Page 134 and 135:
The largest cost items are schools
Page 136 and 137:
members and 10 percent of the membe
Page 138 and 139:
Table 4.1.1-Description of sample o
Page 140 and 141:
Table 4.1.7-Age, education, and lit
Page 142 and 143:
Table 4.1.13-Ethnic background of h
Page 144 and 145:
Table 4.1.19-Importance of each sou
Page 146 and 147:
Table 4.1.25-Number of plots and ar
Page 148 and 149:
Table 4.1.31-Land tenure by expendi
Page 150 and 151:
Table 4.1.37-Change in labor alloca
Page 152 and 153:
Table 4.1.42-Seed use by sex of hea
Page 154 and 155:
Table 4.1.47-Perceived change in av
Page 156 and 157:
Table 4.1.54-Share of producers of
Page 158 and 159:
Table 4.1.59-Fertilizer use by farm
Page 160 and 161:
Table 4.1.64-Characteristics of fer
Page 162 and 163:
Table 4.1.69-Change in fertilizer a
Page 164 and 165:
Table 4.1.75-Allocation of labor by
Page 166 and 167:
Table 4.1.82-Allocation of labor by
Page 168 and 169:
Table 4.1.89-Change in credit avail
Page 170 and 171:
Table 4.1.94-Percent of households
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Table 4.1.102-Area allocation by cr
Page 176 and 177:
Table 4.1.106-Area allocation by cr
Page 178 and 179:
Table 4.1.110-Marketed share of out
Page 180 and 181:
Table 4.1.114-Marketed share of out
Page 182 and 183:
Table 4.1.117-Regression for market
Page 184 and 185:
Table 4.1.120-Change in the type of
Page 186 and 187:
Table 4.1.128-Perceived change in r
Page 188 and 189:
Table 4.1.135-Main reason for stori
Page 190 and 191:
Table 4.1.140-Summary of food expen
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Table 4.1.144-Food consumption by e
Page 196 and 197:
Table 4.1.149-Results of regression
Page 198 and 199:
Table 4.1.152-Value of household as
Page 200 and 201:
Table 4.1.156-Value of household as
Page 202 and 203:
Table 4.1.160-Housing characteristi
Page 204 and 205:
Table 4.1.162-Housing characteristi
Page 206 and 207:
Table 4.1.165-Main source of water
Page 208 and 209:
Table 4.1.170-Source of information
Page 210 and 211:
Table 4.1.176-Source of information
Page 212 and 213:
Table 4.1.181-Regression for percei
Page 214 and 215:
Table 4.2.5-Change in number of veh
Page 216 and 217:
Table 4.2.12-Availability and sourc
Page 218 and 219:
Table 4.2.21-Number of GFs per vill
Page 220 and 221:
Table 4.2.30-Percentage of villages
Page 222 and 223:
Table 4.2.34-Distribution of villag
Page 224 and 225:
Table 4.3.1-Distribution of GVs by
Page 226 and 227:
Table 4.3.9-Number of each type of
Page 228 and 229:
Table 4.3.12-Percentage of secretar
Page 230 and 231:
Table 4.3.19-Distribution of GVs by
Page 232 and 233:
Table 4.3.24-Percentage of inputs s
Page 234 and 235: Table 4.3.32-Average value of curre
Page 236 and 237: Table 4.3.40-Percentage of GVs in w
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS FROM THE MALAWI
Page 240 and 241: The weights are used to calculate a
Page 242 and 243: On average, around 20 percent of th
Page 244 and 245: agricultural work. Other less commo
Page 246 and 247: 5.1.4 Time allocation In Malawi, as
Page 248 and 249: attributed it to the fact that fert
Page 250 and 251: insignificant. The coefficient on t
Page 252 and 253: As in the results from the previous
Page 254 and 255: most important sources of input on
Page 256 and 257: applied for credit compared to 20 p
Page 258 and 259: less than 1 mt per ha which are fai
Page 260 and 261: 5.1.9 Agricultural marketing Market
Page 262 and 263: Households that belong to a club al
Page 264 and 265: most important contractors are the
Page 266 and 267: indicates that the extent of povert
Page 268 and 269: wheat, and fruits and nuts, a highe
Page 270 and 271: Surprisingly, the education of the
Page 272 and 273: Housing characteristics The overwhe
Page 274 and 275: It was also important to find out w
Page 276 and 277: Surprisingly, tobacco growers are m
Page 278 and 279: Over three-quarter of the EPAs repo
Page 280 and 281: The changes in the number and types
Page 282 and 283: 5.2.11 Storage Facilities On averag
Page 286 and 287: Table 5.7 - Percentage of household
Page 288 and 289: Table 5.12 - Farm labor use and all
Page 290 and 291: Table 5.15 - Determinants of the de
Page 292 and 293: Table 5.17 - Sources of fertilizer
Page 294 and 295: Table 5.22 - Access and use of cred
Page 296 and 297: Table 5.25 - Percent of households
Page 300 and 301: Table 5.34 - Crop disposal by type
Page 302 and 303: Table 5.38 - Determinants of Market
Page 304 and 305: Table 5.42 - Summary of expenditure
Page 306 and 307: Table 5.45 - Food consumption by so
Page 312 and 313: Table 5.51 - Food consumption by ex
Page 314 and 315: Table 5.56 - Determinants of per ca
Page 316 and 317: Table 5.59 Percent of households ow
Page 318 and 319: Table 5.62 - Characteristics of the
Page 320 and 321: Table 5.68 - Determinants of percei
Page 322 and 323: Table 5.71 - Average yields per cro
Page 324 and 325: Table 5.77 - Changes in the availab
Page 326 and 327: Figure 5.1 Distribution of househol
Page 328 and 329: Figure 5.7 - Percentage of Househol
Page 330 and 331: CHAPTER 6 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
Page 332 and 333: Fertilizer Half of the far
Page 334 and 335:
Regression analysis indicates that
Page 336 and 337:
Among those seeing improvement, the
Page 338 and 339:
Agricultural markets Three quart
Page 340 and 341:
The economic reforms have boosted p
Page 342 and 343:
department. The farms with very lit
Page 344 and 345:
Strengthen the extension service by
Page 346 and 347:
The most time-consuming agricultura
Page 348 and 349:
Most common means of transport to t
Page 350 and 351:
Small farmers in Malawi are mainly
Page 352 and 353:
households have less assets and les
Page 354 and 355:
Place more serious efforts to impro
Page 356 and 357:
REFERENCES Ahoyo Adjovi, N.R. and F
show all

Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?