Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...

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Table 4.1.117-Regression for market mktsurp Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| 95% Conf. <strong>In</strong>terval lnexppc 2.342816 1.653593 1.42 0.157 -.9027834 5.588415 hhsize -.4830476 .2039495 -2.37 0.018 -.8833507 -.0827445 under15p 3.573701 4.151387 0.86 0.390 -4.574455 11.72186 over65p -23.39178 7.666943 -3.05 0.002 -38.44012 -8.34345 femhead -1.305981 4.120266 -0.32 0.751 -9.393056 6.781093 agehead .0473332 .2904433 0.16 0.871 -.522736 .6174025 age2 -.0001902 .0029354 -0.06 0.948 -.0059518 .0055713 edhead -.0535772 .4518079 -0.12 0.906 -.9403657 .8332114 lithead 3.203497 3.159042 1.01 0.311 -2.996929 9.403924 spouse -6.445677 3.688122 -1.75 0.081 -13.68456 .7932041 edsps -.1496231 .541652 -0.28 0.782 -1.212753 .9135073 litsps -.8453692 2.673113 -0.32 0.752 -6.092036 4.401298 fsize1 1.087633 .2243764 4.85 0.000 .6472375 1.528029 fsize2 2.496011 .5518592 4.52 0.000 1.412846 3.579175 cotton 17.51794 2.389311 7.33 0.000 12.8283 22.20757 irrig 27.5205 5.283764 5.21 0.000 17.14977 37.89124 basfond 3.780614 2.335456 1.62 0.106 -.8033155 8.364544 connect 1.146439 1.554952 0.74 0.461 -1.905553 4.19843 fon -4.235055 2.298833 -1.84 0.066 -8.747102 .2769913 gv 5.013865 2.18928 2.29 0.022 .7168426 9.310887 tontine 3.699041 1.645559 2.25 0.025 .4692116 6.92887 coop 1.117093 1.719995 0.65 0.516 -2.258838 4.493023 extcont .4923875 1.86597 0.26 0.792 -3.170056 4.154831 distsp -.0491041 .0446473 -1.10 0.272 -.1367358 .0385277 distroad .0040265 .0624312 0.06 0.949 -.1185107 .1265636 distpave .0020498 .0275648 0.07 0.941 -.0520531 .0561526 radio 3.200157 1.601023 2.00 0.046 .0577405 6.342573 tv -2.021784 3.760542 -0.54 0.591 -9.402808 5.359241 bike .5573723 1.679772 0.33 0.740 -2.739609 3.854353 mbike .0622795 1.851583 0.03 0.973 -3.571926 3.696485 dpt1 -49.84899 3.533821 -14.11 0.000 -56.78502 -42.91296 dpt3 -43.70596 3.617778 -12.08 0.000 -50.80677 -36.60515 dpt4 -32.88928 3.40562 -9.66 0.000 -39.57368 -26.20488 dpt5 -23.94695 3.030601 -7.90 0.000 -29.89528 -17.99862 dpt6 -28.30028 3.247713 -8.71 0.000 -34.67475 -21.92582 _cons 42.03238 21.30498 1.97 0.049 .2159167 83.84884 Source SS df MS Model 290083.917 35 8288.11191 Residual 346966.722 851 407.716478 Total 637050.639 886 719.01878 Number of obs = 887 F( 35, 851) = 20.33 Prob > F = 0.0000 R-squared = 0.4554 Adj R-squared = 0.4330 Total Root MSE = 20.192 175
Table 4.1.118-Distribution of sales volume by crop and month Sorghum/ Maize millet Cowpeas Manioc Yams Cotton Other Total January 6% 10% 10% 1% 8% 50% 6% 21% February 8% 10% 6% 9% 17% 39% 13% 21% March 18% 7% 17% 7% 15% 3% 7% 8% April 18% 20% 13% 41% 9% 0% 7% 15% May 13% 11% 6% 19% 9% . 6% 8% June 10% 19% 3% 7% 1% . 8% 5% July 2% 6% 5% 6% 2% . 10% 4% August 3% 8% 12% 6% 4% . 14% 5% September 3% 2% 4% 3% 14% . 9% 3% October 5% . 4% 0% 5% . 6% 2% November 3% . 6% 1% 2% 0% 7% 2% December 12% 7% 13% 2% 13% 7% 7% 7% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Source: IFPRI/LARES Small Farmer Survey. Table 4.1.119-Change in quantity sold since 1992 by crop Sorghum/ Maize millet Cowpeas Manioc Yams Cotton Other Total Sales increased 39% 27% 33% 36% 35% 65% 41% 40% Sales decreased 37% 12% 37% 28% 25% 16% 22% 26% No change 21% 27% 27% 30% 31% 13% 28% 25% Not applicable 3% 34% 3% 6% 10% 6% 9% 9% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Source: IFPRI/LARES Small Farmer Survey. 176
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IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFOR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRO
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5.1.10 Expenditure patterns .......
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backgr
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villageois, (GV)) was needed as the
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CHAPTER 2: POLICY BACKGROUND FOR BE
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2.3 Evolution of Economic Policy 2.
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Under pressure from the World Bank
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anking system has been restored to
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Fertilizer can be imported outside
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particularly urban wage-earners. On
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Soulé (1996) describes the evoluti
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led to a more sustainable agricultu
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Table 2.4 - Gross farm revenue from
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Malawi’s economy is heavily depen
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the reduction of its operations in
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crops is also difficult because tob
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Table 3.1 CROP 1982/83 1983/84 1984
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF THE BÉNIN SM
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where W v is the weight for a house
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heads. This suggests that some of t
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And school attendance is much highe
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Crop production is the main activit
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(33 percent). Livestock income is m
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Somewhat surprisingly, the relation
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It is no more common among richer h
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production, and women actually spen
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Seed use by crop Although only 18 p
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Looking at the results by departmen
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Ouémé presents an unusual case: j
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Market prices have significant effe
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policies of SONAPRA to discourage
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crops are responsible for this incr
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Respondents were asked whether the
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Female-headed households, not surpr
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households are not considered credi
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In almost every category of agricul
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This discussion implies that farms
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eturns per hectare and labor-intens
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farm household and tends to be smal
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Surprisingly, the value of sales as
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Finally, proximity to an all-season
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Changes in crop marketing In this s
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Poor households are more likely to
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it is clear that virtually all grow
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production to total expenditure is
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a significant number of household (
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non-food spending. These are follow
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Larger farms are associated with hi
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This would not be surprising in lig
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Female-headed households appear to
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poorest expenditure category to jus
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headed household were more likely t
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Households in every expenditure cat
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An important result of this analysi
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oad network, although those citing
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questions posed by the IFPRI-LARES
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With regard to cotton marketing, al
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Village leaders were asked to ident
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Marketing patterns Village leaders
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4.3: Results of the Bénin Survey o
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4.3.2 Survey methods At the time of
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officers have CM2 certificates. Thi
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Suppliers The GV representatives we
Page 132 and 133: Cotton area per GV ranges from 145
Page 134 and 135: The largest cost items are schools
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Page 138 and 139: Table 4.1.1-Description of sample o
Page 140 and 141: Table 4.1.7-Age, education, and lit
Page 142 and 143: Table 4.1.13-Ethnic background of h
Page 144 and 145: Table 4.1.19-Importance of each sou
Page 146 and 147: Table 4.1.25-Number of plots and ar
Page 148 and 149: Table 4.1.31-Land tenure by expendi
Page 150 and 151: Table 4.1.37-Change in labor alloca
Page 152 and 153: Table 4.1.42-Seed use by sex of hea
Page 154 and 155: Table 4.1.47-Perceived change in av
Page 156 and 157: Table 4.1.54-Share of producers of
Page 158 and 159: Table 4.1.59-Fertilizer use by farm
Page 160 and 161: Table 4.1.64-Characteristics of fer
Page 162 and 163: Table 4.1.69-Change in fertilizer a
Page 164 and 165: Table 4.1.75-Allocation of labor by
Page 166 and 167: Table 4.1.82-Allocation of labor by
Page 168 and 169: Table 4.1.89-Change in credit avail
Page 170 and 171: Table 4.1.94-Percent of households
Page 174 and 175: Table 4.1.102-Area allocation by cr
Page 176 and 177: Table 4.1.106-Area allocation by cr
Page 178 and 179: Table 4.1.110-Marketed share of out
Page 180 and 181: Table 4.1.114-Marketed share of out
Page 184 and 185: Table 4.1.120-Change in the type of
Page 186 and 187: Table 4.1.128-Perceived change in r
Page 188 and 189: Table 4.1.135-Main reason for stori
Page 190 and 191: Table 4.1.140-Summary of food expen
Page 194 and 195: Table 4.1.144-Food consumption by e
Page 196 and 197: Table 4.1.149-Results of regression
Page 198 and 199: Table 4.1.152-Value of household as
Page 200 and 201: Table 4.1.156-Value of household as
Page 202 and 203: Table 4.1.160-Housing characteristi
Page 204 and 205: Table 4.1.162-Housing characteristi
Page 206 and 207: Table 4.1.165-Main source of water
Page 208 and 209: Table 4.1.170-Source of information
Page 210 and 211: Table 4.1.176-Source of information
Page 212 and 213: Table 4.1.181-Regression for percei
Page 214 and 215: Table 4.2.5-Change in number of veh
Page 216 and 217: Table 4.2.12-Availability and sourc
Page 218 and 219: Table 4.2.21-Number of GFs per vill
Page 220 and 221: Table 4.2.30-Percentage of villages
Page 222 and 223: Table 4.2.34-Distribution of villag
Page 224 and 225: Table 4.3.1-Distribution of GVs by
Page 226 and 227: Table 4.3.9-Number of each type of
Page 228 and 229: Table 4.3.12-Percentage of secretar
Page 230 and 231: Table 4.3.19-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.24-Percentage of inputs s
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Table 4.3.32-Average value of curre
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Table 4.3.40-Percentage of GVs in w
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CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS FROM THE MALAWI
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The weights are used to calculate a
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On average, around 20 percent of th
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agricultural work. Other less commo
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5.1.4 Time allocation In Malawi, as
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attributed it to the fact that fert
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insignificant. The coefficient on t
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As in the results from the previous
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most important sources of input on
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applied for credit compared to 20 p
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less than 1 mt per ha which are fai
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5.1.9 Agricultural marketing Market
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Households that belong to a club al
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most important contractors are the
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indicates that the extent of povert
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wheat, and fruits and nuts, a highe
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Surprisingly, the education of the
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Housing characteristics The overwhe
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It was also important to find out w
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Surprisingly, tobacco growers are m
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Over three-quarter of the EPAs repo
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The changes in the number and types
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5.2.11 Storage Facilities On averag
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Table 5.2 - Household characteristi
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Table 5.7 - Percentage of household
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Table 5.12 - Farm labor use and all
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Table 5.15 - Determinants of the de
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Table 5.17 - Sources of fertilizer
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Table 5.22 - Access and use of cred
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Table 5.25 - Percent of households
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Table 5.34 - Crop disposal by type
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Table 5.38 - Determinants of Market
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Table 5.42 - Summary of expenditure
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Table 5.45 - Food consumption by so
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Table 5.51 - Food consumption by ex
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Table 5.56 - Determinants of per ca
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Table 5.59 Percent of households ow
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Table 5.62 - Characteristics of the
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Table 5.68 - Determinants of percei
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Table 5.71 - Average yields per cro
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Table 5.77 - Changes in the availab
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Figure 5.1 Distribution of househol
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Figure 5.7 - Percentage of Househol
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CHAPTER 6 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
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Fertilizer Half of the far
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Regression analysis indicates that
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Among those seeing improvement, the
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Agricultural markets Three quart
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The economic reforms have boosted p
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department. The farms with very lit
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Strengthen the extension service by
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The most time-consuming agricultura
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Most common means of transport to t
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Small farmers in Malawi are mainly
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households have less assets and les
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Place more serious efforts to impro
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REFERENCES Ahoyo Adjovi, N.R. and F
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