Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...

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officers have CM2 certificates. This percentage is highest in Zou, where a relatively large share of GV presidents and treasurers have certificates, and lowest in Mono/Ouémé (see Table 4.3.10). Characteristics of GV secretaries Given the importance of the secretary in the daily management of the GV, the survey asked additional information about the characteristics of the secretary. All but one of the 189 GV secretaries were male. The average secretary is 33 years old, speaks three languages, has been a member of the GV for nine years, and has been secretary for four years. Almost all the secretaries (97 percent) were residents of the village before becoming a member. These patterns are quite similar across departments (see Table 4.3.11). The first language of the secretary is generally the same as the dominant language where the GV is located. This is the case for 94 percent of the GVs in the survey, but just 82 percent in Atacora (see Table 4.3.12). GV secretaries tend to be more educated and somewhat better off than adults in rural areas. As noted above 88 percent of the secretaries have at least a CM2 certificate. In contrast, the average head of household in rural villages has just 2-3 years of education, according to the IFPRI-LARES 1998 Small Farmer Survey. In addition, GV secretaries are probably somewhat better off than the average rural farmer, judging by the percentage that own different types of assets. For example, 58 percent of GV secretaries own a motorbike compared to just 26 percent of all rural households. Similarly, 11 percent of GV secretaries own a television, compared to 5 percent among rural households. GV secretaries are also more likely to own a vehicle (4 percent) and a radio (79 percent) than other rural households (see Table 4.3.13). The position of GV secretary is generally not a full-time occupation. Around 85 percent of the secretaries have other activities. Almost all of these secretaries (95 percent) report that this other activity is farming. The only exception to this pattern was in Mono/Ouémé, where less than half the GV secretaries are involved in other activities (see Table 4.3.11). When asked about the method of selecting the secretary, over three-quarters of the GVs reported that he was elected. In most of the other cases, the position was “imposed” on the secretary by members of the GV. 121
4.3.5 Assets In general, the only physical assets owned by groupements villageois are scales and storage facilities(see Table v14). A large majority of GVs (84 percent) own scales. Every GV interviewed in Borgou had a scale and at least three-quarters had a scale in Atacora and Zou. In fact, GVs in Borgou and Atacora often owned more than one scale. In contrast, just 3 of the 20 GVs interviewed in Ouémé and Mono had scales. Seventy-nine percent of the GVs own storage facilities. Again, the proportion is highest in Borgou (88 percent) and lowest in the south (65 percent). Total storage capacity ranges from 0 to 3000 tons, but about half of the GVs have capacities less than 100 tons (see Tables 4.3.15 and 4.3.16). Given that the 85 percent of the GVs market more than 100 tons, it is clear that most GVs do not have storage capacity equivalent to one years output. Given the staggered harvest, however, it is not necessary to store the entire harvest at one time. Ownership of other types of equipment was much less common. Just 7 percent of the GVs owned light transport equipment, such as carts, and 3 percent owned processing equipment. Only one of the 189 GVs interviewed had any form of motorized transportation equipment and none had telephones (see Table 4.3.17). 4.3.6 Commercial activities of the GV This section describes the commercial activities of the groupements villageois. Three types of activities are discussed: the distribution of agricultural inputs, the marketing of crops, and the provision of credit to members. Distribution of inputs Every GV in the sample supplied fertilizer and pesticides to their members, and virtually every GV provided cotton seed. The distribution of herbicides and other seeds was less common. Somewhat more than half (57 percent) supplied other seeds, this pattern being much more common in Borgou and Atacora than in the southern departments. Slightly less than one half of the GVs (47 percent) provided herbicide to their members. Again, this was more common in Borgou and Atacora (see Table 4.3.18). 122
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IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFOR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRO
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5.1.10 Expenditure patterns .......
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backgr
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villageois, (GV)) was needed as the
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CHAPTER 2: POLICY BACKGROUND FOR BE
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2.3 Evolution of Economic Policy 2.
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Under pressure from the World Bank
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anking system has been restored to
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Fertilizer can be imported outside
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particularly urban wage-earners. On
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Soulé (1996) describes the evoluti
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led to a more sustainable agricultu
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Table 2.4 - Gross farm revenue from
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Malawi’s economy is heavily depen
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the reduction of its operations in
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crops is also difficult because tob
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Table 3.1 CROP 1982/83 1983/84 1984
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF THE BÉNIN SM
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where W v is the weight for a house
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heads. This suggests that some of t
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And school attendance is much highe
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Crop production is the main activit
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(33 percent). Livestock income is m
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Somewhat surprisingly, the relation
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It is no more common among richer h
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production, and women actually spen
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Seed use by crop Although only 18 p
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Looking at the results by departmen
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Ouémé presents an unusual case: j
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Market prices have significant effe
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policies of SONAPRA to discourage
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crops are responsible for this incr
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Respondents were asked whether the
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Female-headed households, not surpr
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households are not considered credi
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In almost every category of agricul
Page 78 and 79: This discussion implies that farms
Page 80 and 81: eturns per hectare and labor-intens
Page 82 and 83: farm household and tends to be smal
Page 84 and 85: Surprisingly, the value of sales as
Page 86 and 87: Finally, proximity to an all-season
Page 88 and 89: Changes in crop marketing In this s
Page 90 and 91: Poor households are more likely to
Page 92 and 93: it is clear that virtually all grow
Page 94 and 95: production to total expenditure is
Page 96 and 97: a significant number of household (
Page 98 and 99: non-food spending. These are follow
Page 100 and 101: Larger farms are associated with hi
Page 102 and 103: This would not be surprising in lig
Page 104 and 105: Female-headed households appear to
Page 106 and 107: poorest expenditure category to jus
Page 108 and 109: headed household were more likely t
Page 110 and 111: Households in every expenditure cat
Page 112 and 113: An important result of this analysi
Page 114 and 115: oad network, although those citing
Page 116 and 117: questions posed by the IFPRI-LARES
Page 118 and 119: With regard to cotton marketing, al
Page 120 and 121: Village leaders were asked to ident
Page 122 and 123: Marketing patterns Village leaders
Page 124 and 125: 4.3: Results of the Bénin Survey o
Page 126 and 127: 4.3.2 Survey methods At the time of
Page 130 and 131: Suppliers The GV representatives we
Page 132 and 133: Cotton area per GV ranges from 145
Page 134 and 135: The largest cost items are schools
Page 136 and 137: members and 10 percent of the membe
Page 138 and 139: Table 4.1.1-Description of sample o
Page 140 and 141: Table 4.1.7-Age, education, and lit
Page 142 and 143: Table 4.1.13-Ethnic background of h
Page 144 and 145: Table 4.1.19-Importance of each sou
Page 146 and 147: Table 4.1.25-Number of plots and ar
Page 148 and 149: Table 4.1.31-Land tenure by expendi
Page 150 and 151: Table 4.1.37-Change in labor alloca
Page 152 and 153: Table 4.1.42-Seed use by sex of hea
Page 154 and 155: Table 4.1.47-Perceived change in av
Page 156 and 157: Table 4.1.54-Share of producers of
Page 158 and 159: Table 4.1.59-Fertilizer use by farm
Page 160 and 161: Table 4.1.64-Characteristics of fer
Page 162 and 163: Table 4.1.69-Change in fertilizer a
Page 164 and 165: Table 4.1.75-Allocation of labor by
Page 166 and 167: Table 4.1.82-Allocation of labor by
Page 168 and 169: Table 4.1.89-Change in credit avail
Page 170 and 171: Table 4.1.94-Percent of households
Page 172 and 173: Table 4.1.98-Percent of households
Page 174 and 175: Table 4.1.102-Area allocation by cr
Page 176 and 177: Table 4.1.106-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.110-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.114-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.117-Regression for market
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Table 4.1.120-Change in the type of
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Table 4.1.128-Perceived change in r
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Table 4.1.135-Main reason for stori
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Table 4.1.140-Summary of food expen
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Table 4.1.142-Percent of households
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Table 4.1.144-Food consumption by e
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Table 4.1.149-Results of regression
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Table 4.1.152-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.156-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.160-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.162-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.165-Main source of water
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Table 4.1.170-Source of information
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Table 4.1.176-Source of information
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Table 4.1.181-Regression for percei
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Table 4.2.5-Change in number of veh
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Table 4.2.12-Availability and sourc
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Table 4.2.21-Number of GFs per vill
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Table 4.2.30-Percentage of villages
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Table 4.2.34-Distribution of villag
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Table 4.3.1-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.9-Number of each type of
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Table 4.3.12-Percentage of secretar
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Table 4.3.19-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.24-Percentage of inputs s
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Table 4.3.32-Average value of curre
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Table 4.3.40-Percentage of GVs in w
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CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS FROM THE MALAWI
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The weights are used to calculate a
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On average, around 20 percent of th
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agricultural work. Other less commo
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5.1.4 Time allocation In Malawi, as
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attributed it to the fact that fert
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insignificant. The coefficient on t
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As in the results from the previous
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most important sources of input on
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applied for credit compared to 20 p
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less than 1 mt per ha which are fai
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5.1.9 Agricultural marketing Market
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Households that belong to a club al
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most important contractors are the
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indicates that the extent of povert
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wheat, and fruits and nuts, a highe
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Surprisingly, the education of the
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Housing characteristics The overwhe
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It was also important to find out w
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Surprisingly, tobacco growers are m
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Over three-quarter of the EPAs repo
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The changes in the number and types
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5.2.11 Storage Facilities On averag
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Table 5.2 - Household characteristi
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Table 5.7 - Percentage of household
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Table 5.12 - Farm labor use and all
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Table 5.15 - Determinants of the de
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Table 5.17 - Sources of fertilizer
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Table 5.22 - Access and use of cred
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Table 5.25 - Percent of households
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Table 5.34 - Crop disposal by type
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Table 5.38 - Determinants of Market
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Table 5.42 - Summary of expenditure
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Table 5.45 - Food consumption by so
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Table 5.51 - Food consumption by ex
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Table 5.56 - Determinants of per ca
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Table 5.59 Percent of households ow
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Table 5.62 - Characteristics of the
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Table 5.68 - Determinants of percei
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Table 5.71 - Average yields per cro
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Table 5.77 - Changes in the availab
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Figure 5.1 Distribution of househol
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Figure 5.7 - Percentage of Househol
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CHAPTER 6 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
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Fertilizer Half of the far
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Regression analysis indicates that
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Among those seeing improvement, the
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Agricultural markets Three quart
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The economic reforms have boosted p
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department. The farms with very lit
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Strengthen the extension service by
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The most time-consuming agricultura
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Most common means of transport to t
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Small farmers in Malawi are mainly
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households have less assets and les
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Place more serious efforts to impro
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REFERENCES Ahoyo Adjovi, N.R. and F
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