Impact Of Agricultural Market Reforms On Smallholder Farmers In ...

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headed household were more likely to get assistance on input use and crop marketing than maleheaded households (see Table 169). Main source of information on different topics In addition to questions about extension services, respondents were asked to identify their main source of information on various agricultural topics. Seed When asked about their sources of information on seeds and different varieties, 40 percent cited friends and family and just 25 percent cited the extension service. It should be recalled, however, that these friends and family may have been originally informed by an extension agent. Cooperatives and GVs are more important in Atacora, Borgou, and Zou, but only in Borgou are they the most frequently cited source of information on seed. Traders are a negligible source of information on seed except in Mono, where they are cited by 30 percent of the households. This may be related to the high proportion of farmers growing vegetables in Mono (see Table 4.1.170). Female-headed households rely on friends and family for information on seeds to a much greater extent than male-headed households. This is probably linked to the fact that female-headed households have little contact with extension agents (see Table 4.1.171). Fertilizer and pest control When asked about sources of information on fertilizer use, the extension services and GVs are mentioned by 61 percent of the households. Again, GVs are the most important source of information in Atacora, Borgou, and Zou, while the extension service is the main source in Atlantique and Ouémé. Traders are a significant source of information on fertilizer only in Mono (see Table 4.1.172). Once again, female-headed households rely more on friends and family and less on the extension service than do male-headed households. Regarding sources of information on pests and weed control, the responses were similar to those concerning fertilizer (see Table 4.1.173). Crop production methods When asked about sources of information on crop production methods, the most common response was, somewhat surprisingly, friends and family. Thirty-eight percent of the households cited friends and family as the main source of information, compared to 29 percent mentioning the extension service and 16 percent GVs. As above, GVs are only important in the main cotton growing departments: Atacora, Borgou, and Zou (see Table 4.1.174). 101
Agricultural markets Friends and family were also the main source of information on crop prices and markets. In fact, friends and family were cited by almost half the households (48 percent). Traders are cited by 36 percent of the households and the extension services by just 5 percent. In some countries, radio reports are an important source of information on markets and prices, but only 4 percent of the Bénin farmers cite the radio as the most important source of marketing information (see Table 4.1.175). Policy Finally, information about agricultural policies comes from a variety of sources, primarily the extension service, friends and family, and GVs. In Atacora, Borgou, and Zou, the GVs are cited most often, whereas in the other departments the extension service and friends and family are cited more often. Ten percent of the households report getting information on government policies from the radio (see Table 4.1.176 ). 4.1.11 Perceived changes in well-being Perceived changes in well-being In order to summarize the overall trend in rural living conditions, the IFPRI-LARES Small Farmer Survey asked respondents if their household was in better or worse economic condition compared to 1992. The results represent a clear vote of approval of economic changes over the past eight years: slightly more than half the households (52 percent) reported improved economic conditions and less than 28 percent reported poorer conditions. The remainder saw no change or had no opinion. The most positive responses were from Atacora and Borgou, where over twothirds reported improvements and less than 15 percent said that their lives had gotten worse. The responses were generally positive, though to a lesser degree, in Mono, Ouémé, and Zou. Atlantique was the only department to produce a negative assessment, with 45 percent complaining of falling standard of living and 34 percent reporting improvements (see Table 4.1.177). Male-headed household report improved economic conditions, but female-headed households were more likely to say conditions had deteriorated (see Table 4.1.178). In the regression analysis presented below, we show that after controlling for other factors (particularly location of residence), the gender of the head of household is not a statistically significant factor in the perceived changes in well-being. In particular, Atlantique has a high proportion of female-headed households. 102
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IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFOR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRO
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5.1.10 Expenditure patterns .......
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Backgr
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villageois, (GV)) was needed as the
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CHAPTER 2: POLICY BACKGROUND FOR BE
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2.3 Evolution of Economic Policy 2.
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Under pressure from the World Bank
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anking system has been restored to
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Fertilizer can be imported outside
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particularly urban wage-earners. On
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Soulé (1996) describes the evoluti
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led to a more sustainable agricultu
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Table 2.4 - Gross farm revenue from
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Malawi’s economy is heavily depen
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the reduction of its operations in
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crops is also difficult because tob
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Table 3.1 CROP 1982/83 1983/84 1984
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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF THE BÉNIN SM
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where W v is the weight for a house
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heads. This suggests that some of t
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And school attendance is much highe
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Crop production is the main activit
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(33 percent). Livestock income is m
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Somewhat surprisingly, the relation
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It is no more common among richer h
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production, and women actually spen
Page 58 and 59: Seed use by crop Although only 18 p
Page 60 and 61: Looking at the results by departmen
Page 62 and 63: Ouémé presents an unusual case: j
Page 64 and 65: Market prices have significant effe
Page 66 and 67: policies of SONAPRA to discourage
Page 68 and 69: crops are responsible for this incr
Page 70 and 71: Respondents were asked whether the
Page 72 and 73: Female-headed households, not surpr
Page 74 and 75: households are not considered credi
Page 76 and 77: In almost every category of agricul
Page 78 and 79: This discussion implies that farms
Page 80 and 81: eturns per hectare and labor-intens
Page 82 and 83: farm household and tends to be smal
Page 84 and 85: Surprisingly, the value of sales as
Page 86 and 87: Finally, proximity to an all-season
Page 88 and 89: Changes in crop marketing In this s
Page 90 and 91: Poor households are more likely to
Page 92 and 93: it is clear that virtually all grow
Page 94 and 95: production to total expenditure is
Page 96 and 97: a significant number of household (
Page 98 and 99: non-food spending. These are follow
Page 100 and 101: Larger farms are associated with hi
Page 102 and 103: This would not be surprising in lig
Page 104 and 105: Female-headed households appear to
Page 106 and 107: poorest expenditure category to jus
Page 110 and 111: Households in every expenditure cat
Page 112 and 113: An important result of this analysi
Page 114 and 115: oad network, although those citing
Page 116 and 117: questions posed by the IFPRI-LARES
Page 118 and 119: With regard to cotton marketing, al
Page 120 and 121: Village leaders were asked to ident
Page 122 and 123: Marketing patterns Village leaders
Page 124 and 125: 4.3: Results of the Bénin Survey o
Page 126 and 127: 4.3.2 Survey methods At the time of
Page 128 and 129: officers have CM2 certificates. Thi
Page 130 and 131: Suppliers The GV representatives we
Page 132 and 133: Cotton area per GV ranges from 145
Page 134 and 135: The largest cost items are schools
Page 136 and 137: members and 10 percent of the membe
Page 138 and 139: Table 4.1.1-Description of sample o
Page 140 and 141: Table 4.1.7-Age, education, and lit
Page 142 and 143: Table 4.1.13-Ethnic background of h
Page 144 and 145: Table 4.1.19-Importance of each sou
Page 146 and 147: Table 4.1.25-Number of plots and ar
Page 148 and 149: Table 4.1.31-Land tenure by expendi
Page 150 and 151: Table 4.1.37-Change in labor alloca
Page 152 and 153: Table 4.1.42-Seed use by sex of hea
Page 154 and 155: Table 4.1.47-Perceived change in av
Page 156 and 157: Table 4.1.54-Share of producers of
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Table 4.1.59-Fertilizer use by farm
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Table 4.1.64-Characteristics of fer
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Table 4.1.69-Change in fertilizer a
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Table 4.1.75-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.82-Allocation of labor by
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Table 4.1.89-Change in credit avail
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Table 4.1.94-Percent of households
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Table 4.1.102-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.106-Area allocation by cr
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Table 4.1.110-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.114-Marketed share of out
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Table 4.1.117-Regression for market
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Table 4.1.120-Change in the type of
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Table 4.1.128-Perceived change in r
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Table 4.1.135-Main reason for stori
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Table 4.1.140-Summary of food expen
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Table 4.1.144-Food consumption by e
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Table 4.1.149-Results of regression
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Table 4.1.152-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.156-Value of household as
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Table 4.1.160-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.162-Housing characteristi
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Table 4.1.165-Main source of water
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Table 4.1.170-Source of information
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Table 4.1.176-Source of information
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Table 4.1.181-Regression for percei
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Table 4.2.5-Change in number of veh
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Table 4.2.12-Availability and sourc
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Table 4.2.21-Number of GFs per vill
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Table 4.2.30-Percentage of villages
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Table 4.2.34-Distribution of villag
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Table 4.3.1-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.9-Number of each type of
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Table 4.3.12-Percentage of secretar
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Table 4.3.19-Distribution of GVs by
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Table 4.3.24-Percentage of inputs s
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Table 4.3.32-Average value of curre
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Table 4.3.40-Percentage of GVs in w
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CHAPTER 5 - RESULTS FROM THE MALAWI
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The weights are used to calculate a
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On average, around 20 percent of th
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agricultural work. Other less commo
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5.1.4 Time allocation In Malawi, as
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attributed it to the fact that fert
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insignificant. The coefficient on t
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As in the results from the previous
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most important sources of input on
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applied for credit compared to 20 p
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less than 1 mt per ha which are fai
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5.1.9 Agricultural marketing Market
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Households that belong to a club al
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most important contractors are the
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indicates that the extent of povert
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wheat, and fruits and nuts, a highe
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Surprisingly, the education of the
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Housing characteristics The overwhe
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It was also important to find out w
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Surprisingly, tobacco growers are m
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Over three-quarter of the EPAs repo
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The changes in the number and types
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5.2.11 Storage Facilities On averag
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Table 5.2 - Household characteristi
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Table 5.7 - Percentage of household
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Table 5.12 - Farm labor use and all
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Table 5.15 - Determinants of the de
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Table 5.17 - Sources of fertilizer
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Table 5.22 - Access and use of cred
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Table 5.25 - Percent of households
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Table 5.34 - Crop disposal by type
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Table 5.38 - Determinants of Market
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Table 5.42 - Summary of expenditure
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Table 5.45 - Food consumption by so
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Table 5.51 - Food consumption by ex
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Table 5.56 - Determinants of per ca
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Table 5.59 Percent of households ow
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Table 5.62 - Characteristics of the
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Table 5.68 - Determinants of percei
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Table 5.71 - Average yields per cro
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Table 5.77 - Changes in the availab
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Figure 5.1 Distribution of househol
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Figure 5.7 - Percentage of Househol
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CHAPTER 6 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AN
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Fertilizer Half of the far
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Regression analysis indicates that
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Among those seeing improvement, the
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Agricultural markets Three quart
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The economic reforms have boosted p
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department. The farms with very lit
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Strengthen the extension service by
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The most time-consuming agricultura
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Most common means of transport to t
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Small farmers in Malawi are mainly
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households have less assets and les
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Place more serious efforts to impro
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REFERENCES Ahoyo Adjovi, N.R. and F
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