An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and ...
An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and ...
An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and ...
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64 CHAPTER 5<br />
Table 5.20 Average number <strong>of</strong> years in use <strong>of</strong> banana cultivars currently planted,<br />
Tanzania<br />
Elevation<br />
Exposure<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> cultivar<br />
Low High Exposed Not exposed<br />
All<br />
Endemic 20.1 23.5 20.6 21.6 21.0<br />
Nonendemic<br />
Exotic 18.7*** 23.3 19.5 20.7 19.9<br />
Hybrid 2.5 2.0 2.2 3.5 2.5<br />
All cultivars grown 20.7 23.9 21.0 22.3 21.5<br />
Note: *** indicates statistical significance at the 1 percent percent level in the difference <strong>of</strong> means or<br />
distributions across elevations within countries.<br />
Endemic cultivars have been grown the<br />
longest <strong>of</strong> all genomic groups (20 years),<br />
compared to 3 years for hybrids recently introduced<br />
(Table 5.20). Cultivar ages are<br />
generally older in the high elevations, where<br />
disease pressures are less <strong>and</strong> farmers do not<br />
need to replace materials as frequently to<br />
maintain yields. Exotic <strong>and</strong> hybrid cultivars<br />
are the primary options in areas where endemic<br />
bananas are no longer performing<br />
well. Older cultivar age is even more pronounced<br />
for the Karagwe highl<strong>and</strong>s, where<br />
no exotic cultivars were recorded <strong>and</strong> banana<br />
hybrids were introduced most recently.Table here> 5.20near<br />
Table 5.21 provides additional evidence<br />
that transfer <strong>of</strong> planting material is much<br />
more intensive in low- than in high-elevation<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> Ug<strong>and</strong>a, in terms <strong>of</strong> several indicators:<br />
(1) the larger percentage <strong>of</strong> farmers<br />
supplying <strong>and</strong> receiving banana planting<br />
material, (2) the large volume <strong>of</strong> planting<br />
material supplied <strong>and</strong> received, <strong>and</strong> (3) the<br />
high average replacement ratios. Similar<br />
patterns appear for farmers in exposed<br />
areas, found primarily in low-elevation<br />
areas. Supplied material is defined as all<br />
banana planting material that farmers have<br />
supplied from the different cultivars they<br />
grow. Received material is defined as banana<br />
suckers <strong>of</strong> only those cultivars that the<br />
farmer considers introduced to the village,<br />
rather than ancestral (that is, established) in<br />
the village. The replacement ratio is defined<br />
as the number <strong>of</strong> suckers received per number<br />
<strong>of</strong> years growing the cultivar. here> 5.21near 5.2near 5.23near
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