An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and ...

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46 CHAPTER 4 The most widely used mechanism for information about recommended management practices is farmer-to-farmer dissemination, in all the production regions. More than 90 percent of farmers surveyed reported that they obtained information regarding banana management from other farmers, and nearly two-thirds (61.26%) were provided information by formal sources. Farmers often received information from multiple sources. Of formal sources, government extension was more frequently reported perhaps due to the wider coverage and the historical involvement in dissemination. The dissemination of new agricultural technologies in Uganda was traditionally the role of the government extension service, which was joined by some NGOs in the 1990s as part of an economic recovery program ushered in by President Museveni’s government. On-farm research and mass media are relatively new mechanisms introduced especially in the Central Region as a strategy to revive banana productivity. As expected, researchers are popular as a source of information in this region, because on-farm research intervention has been more concentrated there compared to other regions. A quarter of farmers reported receiving information through mass media. Radios are a frequent source of information in some areas, but publications are rarely used. Conclusions Pest and disease problems have long beset banana production in Uganda and Tanzania. To address these problems, banana researchers in the Lake Victoria region have sought host-plant resistance through assembly and evaluation of endemic and nonendemic germ plasm as well as crossing and genetic transformation. They have also recommended management practices to reduce pest and disease damage, and support soil fertility. Farmers have continued to search for fresh planting material nearby and at great distances. Distinct approaches to disseminating new materials were pursued in Uganda and Tanzania. In Tanzania, the immediate impact of KCDP was impressive in terms of numbers of plantlets distributed, but the longer-term effects will need to be observed with the passage of time. Chapter 9 provides some additional information regarding the impact of KCDP. NARO in Uganda holds the perspective that farmer-participatory selection and dissemination improves the confidence of farmers in new banana cultivars, helping them to acquire skills and develop criteria to select genotypes suitable for them. Given the reproductive properties of bananas, planting-material distribution systems designed by farmers themselves appear to be most appropriate, enabling step-by-step and systematic diffusion of improved cultivars to farming communities. Nonetheless, closer inspection of alternative dissemination models and mechanisms would be necessary to verify which are more cost effective or efficient, and why. As in the case of planting material, the most common sources of information about recommended banana management practices is other farmers, although extension services and researchers have been popular sources of information in some localities where public efforts have been focused. Radio is also an important source of information, but use of publications by farmers is negligible. References Bosch, C. H., A. Lorkeers, M. R. Ndile, S. R. B. Mgenzi, and E. Sentozi. 1996. Diagnostic survey: Constraints to banana productivity in Bukoba and Muleba districts, Kagera Region, Tanzania. Working Paper 8. Bukoba, Tanzania, and Amsterdam: Agricultural Research Institute Maruku and Royal Tropical Institute.
IMPROVED BANANA CULTIVARS AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 47 FSR (Farming Systems Research). 1989. Diagnostic study of Bukoba District, part II: The formal study. Working Paper 5. Bukoba, Tanzania, and Amsterdam: Maruku Agricultural Research Institute and Royal Tropical Institute. Gallez, A., O. Machiels, C. Mbehoma, R. Mitti, and G. Patrick. 2002. Impact of superior banana cultivars (SBVs) in Kagera, Tanzania. KCDP annual report. Bukoba, Tanzania: Kagera Community Development Programme. Gold, C. S. 1998. Banana weevil: Ecology pest status and prospects for integrated control with emphasis on East Africa. In Proceedings of a symposium on biological control in tropical habitats: Third International Conference on Tropical Entomology, ed. S. K. Saini. Nairobi, Kenya: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology. ———. 2000. Biology and integrated pest management of banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar). In Advancing banana and plantain R&D in Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 10, ed. A. B. Molina, V. N. Roa, and M. A. G. Maghuyop. Montpellier, France: International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantains. Gold, C. S., G. Night, A. Abera, and P. R. Speijer. 1998. Hot-water treatment for the control of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Uganda. African Entomology 6 (2): 215–221. Gold, C. S., N. D. T. R. Rukazambuga, E. B. Karamura, P. Nemeye, and G. Night. 1999. Recent advances in banana weevil biology, population dynamics and pest status with emphasis on East Africa. In Mobilizing IPM for sustainable banana production in Africa. Proceedings of a workshop on banana IPM, Nelspruit, South Africa, 23–28 November 1998, ed. E. A. Frison, C. S. Gold, E. B. Karamura, and R. A. Sikora. Montpellier, France: International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantains. Gold, C. S., J. E. Pena, and E. B. Karamura. 2001. Biology and integrated pest management for the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Integrated Pest Management Reviews 6 (2): 79–155. Kabwoto, E. 1974. Buhaya agricultural systems: Colonial disruption and present problems: A research note. Journal of the Geographical Association of Tanzania 10: 66–79. Katungi, E. 2006. Social capital and technology adoption on small farms. A case of banana production technology in Uganda. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. KCDP (Kagera Community Development Programme). 2002. Annual report. Bukoba, Tanzania: KCDP. Mbwana, A. S. S., M. S. R. Byabachwezi, and S. I. Mkulila. 1996. Banana germplasm collection. Bukoba, Tanzania: Agricultural Research Institute, Maruku. Murashige, T., and F. Skoog. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio-assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiolologia Plantarum 15: 473–497. Namanya, P., S. M. Magambo, G. Mutumba, and W. K. Tushemereirwe. 2004. Somatic embryogenesis from immature male inflorescence of East African highland banana cv “Nakyetengu.” African Crop Science Journal 12 (1): 47–53. Nkuba, J. M., L. J. Ndege, and S. Mkulila. 2002. On-farm testing and acceptability of improved banana cultivars in Bukoba District, Kagera Region (1997–2001). Field Note 144. Bukoba, Tanzania: Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Lakeshore-Maruku. Nowakunda, K., W. K. Tushemereirwe, C. Nankinga, P. Nahamya, and P. Ragama. 2002. Evaluation and dissemination of introduced banana germplasm: A preliminary assessment of the planting material distribution systems. Paper presented at the Rockefeller Foundation/National Agricultural Research Organization meeting on biotechnology, breeding and seed systems for African crops, November 4–7, Entebbe, Uganda.
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An Economic Assessment of Banana Ge
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Contents List of Tables List of Fig
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Tables 3.1 Net marketing margins pe
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TABLES vii 6.5 Characteristics of h
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Figures 2.1 Sample domain: Elevatio
Page 11 and 12: Acknowledgments The International F
Page 13 and 14: SUMMARY xiii en’s education--and
Page 15 and 16: Acronyms and Abbreviations AGT ARDI
Page 17: Part I. Research Methods
Page 20 and 21: 4 CHAPTER 1 practices in Africa are
Page 22 and 23: 6 CHAPTER 1 periment station. Not a
Page 24 and 25: 8 CHAPTER 1 niques (based on seed p
Page 26 and 27: 10 CHAPTER 1 Cohen, J. I., and R. P
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER 2 Elements of the Conceptua
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Page 34 and 35: 18 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.2 Sites sampl
Page 36 and 37: 20 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.4 Time profil
Page 39: Part II. Research Context
Page 42 and 43: here> 1near 3. 26 CHAPTER 3 major f
Page 44 and 45: 28 CHAPTER 3 disease, which affects
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Page 48 and 49: 32 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.2 Banana produ
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Page 52 and 53: 36 CHAPTER 3 Nkonya, E., J. Pender,
Page 54 and 55: here> 1near 4. 38 CHAPTER 4 cash ne
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Page 60 and 61: 44 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.2 Names of the
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Page 89: Part III. Economic Assessment of Te
Page 92 and 93: 76 CHAPTER 6 The agricultural house
Page 94 and 95: 78 CHAPTER 6 grow, but have grown i
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Page 102 and 103: 86 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.5 Characterist
Page 104 and 105: 88 CHAPTER 6 References Cameron, A.
Page 106 and 107: 90 CHAPTER 7 by-products of other f
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96 CHAPTER 7 Table 7.2 Definition o
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98 CHAPTER 7 The direct link betwee
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100 CHAPTER 7 Table 7.3 Factors inf
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102 CHAPTER 7 tive sign but are onl
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104 CHAPTER 7 fertility management
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106 CHAPTER 7 participatory decisio
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108 CHAPTER 7 Stevens, J. P. 2002.
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110 CHAPTER 8 defined as a function
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112 CHAPTER 8 inputs or implement c
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114 CHAPTER 8 Crop output is determ
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116 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.1 Variable de
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here> 8.6near here> 8.2near 8.3nea
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120 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.4 Production
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122 CHAPTER 8 during the SOM decomp
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124 CHAPTER 8 Supplementary Tables
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126 CHAPTER 8 Table 8A.3 Production
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128 CHAPTER 8 Thomas, G. W. 1982. E
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130 CHAPTER 9 (Nkuba et al. 1999).
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132 CHAPTER 9 be reduced through la
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134 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.2 Summary sta
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136 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.3 Coefficient
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138 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.4 Mean compar
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140 CHAPTER 9 References Anandajaya
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142 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.1 Ugandan c
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144 CHAPTER 10 (Kangire and Rutherf
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146 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.4 Predomina
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here> 7near 10. 148 CHAPTER 10 Tabl
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150 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.8 Present v
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152 CHAPTER 10 In terms of specific
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Part IV. Conclusions
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158 CHAPTER 11 in cooking, brewing
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160 CHAPTER 11 sumption and income
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162 CHAPTER 11 4. 5. for which the
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APPENDIX A Banana Taxonomy for Ugan
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR UGANDA 167 Tabl
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR UGANDA 169 Tabl
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR TANZANIA 171 Ta
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR TANZANIA 173 Ta
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APPENDIX C Use of Improved Banana V
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DETAILS OF SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN 177
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VILLAGE SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN UGANDA
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List of Principal Authors and Contr
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 187 rigation, and
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