An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and ...

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here> 1near 4. 38 CHAPTER 4 cash needs, the performance of endemic banana cultivars deteriorated substantially. Mat numbers for some endemic cultivars diminished or they disappeared altogether from individual farms and/or communities. The extension services of the Department of Agriculture in Tanzania were able to recognize banana production constraints and attempted to address them through emphasizing good crop husbandry, including the uprooting of diseased banana plants and use of insecticides. The impacts of their efforts were not impressive, however, given the high cost of insecticides and the difficulty for farmers to understand pest and disease complexes. Legacies from the colonial era did not improve farmers’ trust in government recommendations. For example, farmers resisted the order of the colonial government to uproot all bananas infested by weevils, in part because of misunderstandings (Kabwoto 1974). Toward the end of the 1960s, an insecticide (dieldrin) was recommended for the control of banana weevils. The Bukoba Co-operative Union (BCU) supplied insecticides free of charge and during that time, 60 percent of the farmers applied the insecticide (Rald and Rald 1975). According to Bosch et al. (1996), after dieldrin application, farmers reported that banana plants fell over more frequently than before and complained that the insecticides “killed” their bananas. Most of the farmers have since been reluctant to apply chemical of any sort, including artificial fertilizers, in their banana groves (FSR 1989). In Uganda, banana researchers identified host-plant resistance as one of the most feasible alternatives to control these problems (Ortíz and Vuylsteke 1994; Tushemereirwe et al. 2000), adopting a combination of short- and long-term strategies. The short-term strategy includes the assembly of endemic and nonendemic germplasm for evaluation and selection of resistant or tolerant cultivars, including the importation of hybrids from other breeding centers, such as FHIA in Honduras and IITA in Ibadan, Nigeria. The long-term strategy includes breeding for resistance in the National Banana Research Programme, NARO, Uganda. The objectives of the overall approach are to develop and disseminate banana genotypes that are resistant to local pests and diseases, have good agronomic characteristics, and are acceptable to end users. A time line identifying key dates and junctures in the history of banana research in Uganda is shown in Table 4.1.
IMPROVED BANANA CULTIVARS AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 39 Table 4.1 Key dates in the history of banana improvement in Uganda Activity Institution Year Germplasm collection started Kampala plantation 1920 KARI 1940 Establishment of tissure culture (micropropagation) Germplasm collection and evaluation re-established Makerere University (banana) 1991 KARI (coffee) 1993 Makerere University–Kabanyolo 1989 KARI 1989 Banana micropropagation KARI/IITA 1995 Germplasm characterization KARI 1995–98 Germplasm evaluation for female and male fertility KARI/IITA 1996–98 Cross pollination KARI/IITA 1996 Banana embryo culture KARI/IITA 1996 Cell culture KARI 1998–2007 Taxonomic and screening for conventional breeding Field testing of plants from single cells (cell suspension) KARI 2000 KARI 2002–07 Biotechnology lab opened KARI 2003 Sources: NARO/IITA annual reports; Makerere University, Faculty of Agriculture reports. Notes: IITA is the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture; KARI is the Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute. a mat), and (4) other residue management practices (such as stumping and corm removal). Splitting pseudostems and weevil trapping are also recommended. Details of the banana-management practices recommended to farmers are described in Tushemereirwe et al. (2003). In Tanzania, although no formal plant breeding is undertaken, banana growers have also worked to counteract these pest and disease pressures by procuring new, clean planting material for endemic cultivars within and outside their communities, exchanging new cultivars with other farmers, and adopting banana cultivars introduced by public and private extension services. Furthermore, the extension service has sought to curb pest and disease pressures through training farmers on good banana-management practices. In mid-1997, the government of Tanzania and the Kingdom of Belgium cofinanced a major effort to propagate and diffuse superior banana cultivars under KCDP. Selection and improvement strategies pursued by farmers, researchers, and extension agents are described next, following by a summary of dissemination mechanisms.
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An Economic Assessment of Banana Ge
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Tables List of Fig
Page 5 and 6: Tables 3.1 Net marketing margins pe
Page 7 and 8: TABLES vii 6.5 Characteristics of h
Page 9 and 10: Figures 2.1 Sample domain: Elevatio
Page 11 and 12: Acknowledgments The International F
Page 13 and 14: SUMMARY xiii en’s education--and
Page 15 and 16: Acronyms and Abbreviations AGT ARDI
Page 17: Part I. Research Methods
Page 20 and 21: 4 CHAPTER 1 practices in Africa are
Page 22 and 23: 6 CHAPTER 1 periment station. Not a
Page 24 and 25: 8 CHAPTER 1 niques (based on seed p
Page 26 and 27: 10 CHAPTER 1 Cohen, J. I., and R. P
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER 2 Elements of the Conceptua
Page 30 and 31: 14 CHAPTER 2 ples of adoption disco
Page 32 and 33: 16 CHAPTER 2 transgenic bananas cur
Page 34 and 35: 18 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.2 Sites sampl
Page 36 and 37: 20 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.4 Time profil
Page 39: Part II. Research Context
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Page 44 and 45: 28 CHAPTER 3 disease, which affects
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Page 48 and 49: 32 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.2 Banana produ
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Page 52 and 53: 36 CHAPTER 3 Nkonya, E., J. Pender,
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Page 58 and 59: 42 CHAPTER 4 Research Introductions
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Page 62 and 63: 46 CHAPTER 4 The most widely used m
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Page 89: Part III. Economic Assessment of Te
Page 92 and 93: 76 CHAPTER 6 The agricultural house
Page 94 and 95: 78 CHAPTER 6 grow, but have grown i
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88 CHAPTER 6 References Cameron, A.
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90 CHAPTER 7 by-products of other f
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here> 1near 7. 92 CHAPTER 7 Table 7
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94 CHAPTER 7 ity in the two technol
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96 CHAPTER 7 Table 7.2 Definition o
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98 CHAPTER 7 The direct link betwee
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100 CHAPTER 7 Table 7.3 Factors inf
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102 CHAPTER 7 tive sign but are onl
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104 CHAPTER 7 fertility management
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106 CHAPTER 7 participatory decisio
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108 CHAPTER 7 Stevens, J. P. 2002.
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110 CHAPTER 8 defined as a function
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112 CHAPTER 8 inputs or implement c
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114 CHAPTER 8 Crop output is determ
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116 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.1 Variable de
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here> 8.6near here> 8.2near 8.3nea
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120 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.4 Production
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122 CHAPTER 8 during the SOM decomp
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124 CHAPTER 8 Supplementary Tables
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126 CHAPTER 8 Table 8A.3 Production
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128 CHAPTER 8 Thomas, G. W. 1982. E
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130 CHAPTER 9 (Nkuba et al. 1999).
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132 CHAPTER 9 be reduced through la
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134 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.2 Summary sta
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136 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.3 Coefficient
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138 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.4 Mean compar
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140 CHAPTER 9 References Anandajaya
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142 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.1 Ugandan c
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144 CHAPTER 10 (Kangire and Rutherf
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146 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.4 Predomina
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here> 7near 10. 148 CHAPTER 10 Tabl
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150 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.8 Present v
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152 CHAPTER 10 In terms of specific
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Part IV. Conclusions
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158 CHAPTER 11 in cooking, brewing
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160 CHAPTER 11 sumption and income
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162 CHAPTER 11 4. 5. for which the
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APPENDIX A Banana Taxonomy for Ugan
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR UGANDA 167 Tabl
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR UGANDA 169 Tabl
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR TANZANIA 171 Ta
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR TANZANIA 173 Ta
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APPENDIX C Use of Improved Banana V
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DETAILS OF SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN 177
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VILLAGE SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN UGANDA
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List of Principal Authors and Contr
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 187 rigation, and
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