An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and ...

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36 CHAPTER 3 Nkonya, E., J. Pender, C. Kaizzi, E. Kato, and S. Mugarura. 2005. Policy options for increasing crop productivity and reducing soil nutrient depletion and poverty in Uganda. Environment and Production Technology Division Discussion Paper 134. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute. Nkuba, J. M., S. R. B. Mgenzi, M. Ishika, and C. Mushongi. 2003. Evaluating the marketing opportunities for banana and its products in the principle banana growing countries of ASARECA. Case study of Tanzania. Bukoba, Tanzania: Maruku Agricultural Research and Development Institute. Speijer, P., C. Kajumba, and W. Tushemereirwe. 1999. Dissemination and adaptation of a banana clean planting material technology in Uganda. InfoMusa 8 (2): 11–13. Tushemereirwe, W., D. A. Karamura, H. Sali, D. Bwamiki, I. Kashaija, C. Nankinga, F. Bagamba, A. Kangire, and R. Sebuliba. 2001. Bananas (Musa spp.). In Agriculture in Uganda, Vol. 11, Crops, ed. J. Mukiibi. Kampala: Fountain Publishers/Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation/National Agricultural Research Organization. UBOS (Uganda Bureau of Statistics). 2003. Statistical abstract. Entebbe, Uganda: UBOS, Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development. Walker, P. T., M. Hebblethwaite, and J. Bridge. 1984. Project for banana pest control and improvement in Tanzania. European Economic Community Report for Government of Tanzania. London: Tropical Development and Research Institute.
CHAPTER 4 Development and Dissemination of Improved Banana Cultivars and Management Practices in Uganda and Tanzania Enoch Mutebi Kikulwe, Kephas Nowakunda, Mgenzi Said Ramadhan Byabachwezi, Jackson M. Nkuba, Josephine Namaganda, David Talengera, Enid Katungi, and Wilberforce Kateera Tushemereirwe This chapter summarizes the major approaches employed to combat plant pests and diseases in the Lake Victoria region of the East African highlands. In Uganda, national researchers have pursued a short-term strategy of assembling endemic and nonendemic germplasm for evaluation, and a long-term strategy of breeding for resistance using a combination of crossing and genetic transformation. Practices targeting both management of the natural resource base and the crop itself are also recommended, because bananas demand intensive management to sustain yields. Planting material that is free of pests and diseases has long been a major concern for banana growers and national research institutions in both countries. Tanzania has no formal banana-breeding program, and although extension services in the Kagera Region have undertaken projects to eradicate pests and diseases with insecticides, they have been unsuccessful. As in Uganda, collections were made in search of resistant material, and new banana-management practices have been recommended. Through KCDP and the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI; now Bioversity International), a range of new materials—including the first banana hybrids—was introduced, tested, and disseminated. In Uganda, a number of dissemination mechanisms have been employed for both planting material and recommended practices. Given the reproductive properties of bananas, farmerbased, participatory methods have been recommended. Research Priorities The EAHB is susceptible to pests (nematodes, banana weevils) and diseases (black Sigatoka, banana streak virus) (Gold, 1998, 2000; Gold et al. 1998, 1999; Gold, Pena, and Karamura 2001). Traditionally, farmers replaced a diseased endemic cultivar by replanting suckers of the same cultivar obtained from their fellow farmers within or outside the community. Often, this process inadvertently contributed to the spread of the pests and diseases, because farmers did not recognize infested or diseased planting material or fully understand the life cycles and transfer mechanisms of pests and diseases, especially given continual evolution of new races and pathogens. In areas along the lake shores in Bukoba and Muleba districts of Tanzania, in particular, as a growing rural population intensified banana production to meet their food and 37
Page 1 and 2: An Economic Assessment of Banana Ge
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Tables List of Fig
Page 5 and 6: Tables 3.1 Net marketing margins pe
Page 7 and 8: TABLES vii 6.5 Characteristics of h
Page 9 and 10: Figures 2.1 Sample domain: Elevatio
Page 11 and 12: Acknowledgments The International F
Page 13 and 14: SUMMARY xiii en’s education--and
Page 15 and 16: Acronyms and Abbreviations AGT ARDI
Page 17: Part I. Research Methods
Page 20 and 21: 4 CHAPTER 1 practices in Africa are
Page 22 and 23: 6 CHAPTER 1 periment station. Not a
Page 24 and 25: 8 CHAPTER 1 niques (based on seed p
Page 26 and 27: 10 CHAPTER 1 Cohen, J. I., and R. P
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER 2 Elements of the Conceptua
Page 30 and 31: 14 CHAPTER 2 ples of adoption disco
Page 32 and 33: 16 CHAPTER 2 transgenic bananas cur
Page 34 and 35: 18 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.2 Sites sampl
Page 36 and 37: 20 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.4 Time profil
Page 39: Part II. Research Context
Page 42 and 43: here> 1near 3. 26 CHAPTER 3 major f
Page 44 and 45: 28 CHAPTER 3 disease, which affects
Page 46 and 47: here> 1near 3. 30 CHAPTER 3 Table 3
Page 48 and 49: 32 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.2 Banana produ
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Page 54 and 55: here> 1near 4. 38 CHAPTER 4 cash ne
Page 56 and 57: 40 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1 Introductio
Page 58 and 59: 42 CHAPTER 4 Research Introductions
Page 60 and 61: 44 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.2 Names of the
Page 62 and 63: 46 CHAPTER 4 The most widely used m
Page 64 and 65: 48 CHAPTER 4 Ortíz, R., and D. Vuy
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Page 68 and 69: 52 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.4 Percentage o
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Page 84 and 85: 68 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.26 Average dis
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Page 89: Part III. Economic Assessment of Te
Page 92 and 93: 76 CHAPTER 6 The agricultural house
Page 94 and 95: 78 CHAPTER 6 grow, but have grown i
Page 96 and 97: 80 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.2 Summary stat
Page 98 and 99: 82 CHAPTER 6 tion. More frequent vi
Page 100 and 101: 84 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.4 Prototype ho
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86 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.5 Characterist
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88 CHAPTER 6 References Cameron, A.
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90 CHAPTER 7 by-products of other f
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here> 1near 7. 92 CHAPTER 7 Table 7
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94 CHAPTER 7 ity in the two technol
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96 CHAPTER 7 Table 7.2 Definition o
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98 CHAPTER 7 The direct link betwee
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100 CHAPTER 7 Table 7.3 Factors inf
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102 CHAPTER 7 tive sign but are onl
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104 CHAPTER 7 fertility management
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106 CHAPTER 7 participatory decisio
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108 CHAPTER 7 Stevens, J. P. 2002.
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110 CHAPTER 8 defined as a function
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112 CHAPTER 8 inputs or implement c
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114 CHAPTER 8 Crop output is determ
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116 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.1 Variable de
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here> 8.6near here> 8.2near 8.3nea
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120 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.4 Production
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122 CHAPTER 8 during the SOM decomp
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124 CHAPTER 8 Supplementary Tables
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126 CHAPTER 8 Table 8A.3 Production
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128 CHAPTER 8 Thomas, G. W. 1982. E
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130 CHAPTER 9 (Nkuba et al. 1999).
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132 CHAPTER 9 be reduced through la
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134 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.2 Summary sta
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136 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.3 Coefficient
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138 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.4 Mean compar
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140 CHAPTER 9 References Anandajaya
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142 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.1 Ugandan c
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144 CHAPTER 10 (Kangire and Rutherf
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146 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.4 Predomina
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here> 7near 10. 148 CHAPTER 10 Tabl
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150 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.8 Present v
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152 CHAPTER 10 In terms of specific
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Part IV. Conclusions
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158 CHAPTER 11 in cooking, brewing
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160 CHAPTER 11 sumption and income
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162 CHAPTER 11 4. 5. for which the
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APPENDIX A Banana Taxonomy for Ugan
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR UGANDA 167 Tabl
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR UGANDA 169 Tabl
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR TANZANIA 171 Ta
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR TANZANIA 173 Ta
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APPENDIX C Use of Improved Banana V
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DETAILS OF SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN 177
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VILLAGE SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN UGANDA
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List of Principal Authors and Contr
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 187 rigation, and
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