An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and ...

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34 CHAPTER 3 would only be able to benefit from banana exports as contract growers for well-financed plantations with modern packing facilities, implying a fundamental change in the mode of production. Most importantly, viable market opportunities are restricted to supplying niche markets for organic apple bananas and ethnic consumers of cooking bananas in Europe, the United States, and Asia. This situation reflects the fact that the country does not produce the Cavendish banana that is internationally traded, but a unique type of banana that is only consumed within the region (or by emigrants). Other developing countries, as well as Uganda, still face insurmountable hurdles to penetrate the biggest banana market: the market for Cavendish bananas. Uganda’s low comparative advantage stems from prohibitive freight costs due to being landlocked, and poor quality compared to more efficient and larger suppliers in Latin America and the Caribbean. Unlike Uganda and Rwanda, which export bananas (albeit in minor quantities) to European countries by air, Tanzania exports bananas only by road to neighboring countries, including Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Malawi, Rwanda, Burundi, and Botswana. To date, there are no banana traders (individual, associations, or companies) operating at a large international scale in the country. In 2002, the estimated annual exports of cooking and dessert bananas were 3,230 tons sold in Kenya; 780 tons sold in Malawi, Zambia, and Botswana; and 470 tons sold in Burundi and Rwanda. Importation of bananas is uncommon, occurring primarily in communities scattered along the national borders. For export markets to be developed in Tanzania, substantial investment would be required to enhance postharvesting technologies, facilitate access to market information and infrastructure, and form marketing associations. As in Uganda, commercial farmers would need to orient their choice of planting materials toward the provision of attributes demanded by consumers in other countries, which are likely to differ substantially from those preferred locally. Even then, the world market is dominated by the Cavendish banana, and market entry would not be easy. Conclusion The crucial role of bananas in the national and local economies of Uganda and Tanzania, as sources of both food and cash, cannot be overemphasized. The East African highlands are also an important center of diversity for a unique type of banana. Banana diversity is reflected in multiple local uses. To some extent, the different genomic structure of cultivars grown by farmers confers differential genetic resistance to a number of biotic stresses. Nevertheless, biotic pressures have had a pronounced impact on yield levels and the geographical distribution of production, especially during the past three decades. Relieving these constraints through a combination of breeding and crop management strategies has therefore become a national priority (see Chapter 4). Banana production is also labor intensive, so that the development of local labor markets has implications for productivity (see Chapter 8). In addition to the market access constraints faced by many smallholder farmers in Africa, the properties of bananas, such as their bulkiness and perishability, pose challenges for the marketing system. Processing technologies to increase shelf life could facilitate product differentiation and marketing, and improved road infrastructure will augment local trade, generating rural income. International trade is, so far, negligible. The uniqueness of the East African highlands cooking banana has implications for international trade. First, there is limited consumer demand outside of the region for this type of banana. Second, as long as the crop is a preferred food staple, there is need for regional selfsufficiency.
THE BANANA ECONOMY IN THE LAKE VICTORIA REGIONS 35 References ADC/IDEA Project (Agribusiness Development Centre/Investment in Developing Export Agriculture Project). 2001. Apple banana. ADC Commercialisation Bulletin 8. Kampala: U.S. Agency for International Development. Available at www.foodnet.cgiar.org/inform/Idea/Banana.PDF. Bank of Uganda, Research Department. 2000. Quarterly economic report. Kampala: Bank of Uganda. Byabachwezi, M. S. R. 2002. Banana research in Kagera Region: Situation in its social context. Manuscript. Byabachwezi, M. S. R., and A. S. S. Mbwana. 1996. Characteristics of East Africa highland bananas and their cross-naming in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Commission for Science and Technology. ———. 1999. Banana and its improvement efforts at Maruku. In Planning the future: Past, present and future perspectives of land use in the Kagera Region, ed. E. C. R. Folmer, C. Schouten, and F. P. Baijukya. Bukoba, Tanzania: Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Lake Shore–Maruku. Edmeades, S. 2003. Variety choice and attribute trade-offs within the framework of agricultural household models: The case of bananas in Uganda. Ph.D. thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. Gold, C. S., M. Ogenga-Latigo, W. Tushemereirwe, I. N. Kasaija, and C. Nankinga. 1993. Farmer perceptions of banana pest constraints in Uganda: Results from a rapid rural appraisal. In Biological and integrated control of highland banana and plantain pests and diseases. Proceedings of a research coordination meeting, ed. C. S. Gold and B. Gernmill, Cotonou, Benin, November 12–14, 1991. Kampala: International Institute for Tropical Agriculture. Gold, C. S., P. Speijer, E. Karamura, W. Tushemereirwe, and I. Kashaija. 1994. Survey methodologies for banana weevil and nematode damage assessment in Uganda. African Crop Science Journal 2 (3): 309–321. Gold, C. S., A. Kiggundu, D. Karamura, and A. Abera. 1998. Diversity, distribution and selection criteria of Musa germplasm in Uganda. In Bananas and food security, ed. C. Picq, E. Fouré, and E. A. Frison. International symposium on the socioeconomics of non-export banana production, Douala, Cameroon, November 10 –14, 1988. Montpellier, France: International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantains. INIBAP (International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantains). 2000. Annual report. Montpellier, France: INIBAP. Karamura, D. A. 1998. Numerical taxonomic studies of the East African highland bananas (Musa AAA–East Africa) in Uganda. Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading, Reading, England. Karamura, D. A., and B. Pickersgill. 1999. A classification of the clones of East African highland bananas (Musa) found in Uganda. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 119: 1–6. MAC (Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives). 2000. Basic data. Agriculture and livestock sector. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: MAC. MAFS (Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security). 2001. Unpublished data. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: MAFS, Market Information Department. Mbwana, A. S. S., M. S. R. Byabachwezi, and S. I. Mkulila. 1996. Banana germplasm collection. Bukoba, Tanzania: Agricultural Research Institute Maruku. NARO (National Agricultural Research Organization). 2001. Multilocational banana germplasm evaluation trials: Third report. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, NARO. Manuscript. ———. 2005. Banana marketing and utilisation in Uganda: Baseline survey report. National Banana Research Programme, NARO, Uganda. Manuscript.
Page 1 and 2: An Economic Assessment of Banana Ge
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Tables List of Fig
Page 5 and 6: Tables 3.1 Net marketing margins pe
Page 7 and 8: TABLES vii 6.5 Characteristics of h
Page 9 and 10: Figures 2.1 Sample domain: Elevatio
Page 11 and 12: Acknowledgments The International F
Page 13 and 14: SUMMARY xiii en’s education--and
Page 15 and 16: Acronyms and Abbreviations AGT ARDI
Page 17: Part I. Research Methods
Page 20 and 21: 4 CHAPTER 1 practices in Africa are
Page 22 and 23: 6 CHAPTER 1 periment station. Not a
Page 24 and 25: 8 CHAPTER 1 niques (based on seed p
Page 26 and 27: 10 CHAPTER 1 Cohen, J. I., and R. P
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER 2 Elements of the Conceptua
Page 30 and 31: 14 CHAPTER 2 ples of adoption disco
Page 32 and 33: 16 CHAPTER 2 transgenic bananas cur
Page 34 and 35: 18 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.2 Sites sampl
Page 36 and 37: 20 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.4 Time profil
Page 39: Part II. Research Context
Page 42 and 43: here> 1near 3. 26 CHAPTER 3 major f
Page 44 and 45: 28 CHAPTER 3 disease, which affects
Page 46 and 47: here> 1near 3. 30 CHAPTER 3 Table 3
Page 48 and 49: 32 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.2 Banana produ
Page 52 and 53: 36 CHAPTER 3 Nkonya, E., J. Pender,
Page 54 and 55: here> 1near 4. 38 CHAPTER 4 cash ne
Page 56 and 57: 40 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1 Introductio
Page 58 and 59: 42 CHAPTER 4 Research Introductions
Page 60 and 61: 44 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.2 Names of the
Page 62 and 63: 46 CHAPTER 4 The most widely used m
Page 64 and 65: 48 CHAPTER 4 Ortíz, R., and D. Vuy
Page 66 and 67: here> 5.3near here>
Page 68 and 69: 52 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.4 Percentage o
Page 70 and 71: 54 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.7 Percentage o
Page 72 and 73: here> 9near 5. here> 10near 5. 56 C
Page 74 and 75: here> 12near 5. 58 CHAPTER 5 Table
Page 76 and 77: 60 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.14 Number and
Page 78 and 79: here> 18near 5. 62 CHAPTER 5 Table
Page 80 and 81: 64 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.20 Average num
Page 82 and 83: 66 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.23 Percentage
Page 84 and 85: 68 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.26 Average dis
Page 86 and 87: 70 CHAPTER 5 considerably higher in
Page 89: Part III. Economic Assessment of Te
Page 92 and 93: 76 CHAPTER 6 The agricultural house
Page 94 and 95: 78 CHAPTER 6 grow, but have grown i
Page 96 and 97: 80 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.2 Summary stat
Page 98 and 99: 82 CHAPTER 6 tion. More frequent vi
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84 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.4 Prototype ho
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86 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.5 Characterist
Page 104 and 105:
88 CHAPTER 6 References Cameron, A.
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90 CHAPTER 7 by-products of other f
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here> 1near 7. 92 CHAPTER 7 Table 7
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94 CHAPTER 7 ity in the two technol
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96 CHAPTER 7 Table 7.2 Definition o
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98 CHAPTER 7 The direct link betwee
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100 CHAPTER 7 Table 7.3 Factors inf
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102 CHAPTER 7 tive sign but are onl
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104 CHAPTER 7 fertility management
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106 CHAPTER 7 participatory decisio
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108 CHAPTER 7 Stevens, J. P. 2002.
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110 CHAPTER 8 defined as a function
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112 CHAPTER 8 inputs or implement c
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114 CHAPTER 8 Crop output is determ
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116 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.1 Variable de
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here> 8.6near here> 8.2near 8.3nea
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120 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.4 Production
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122 CHAPTER 8 during the SOM decomp
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124 CHAPTER 8 Supplementary Tables
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126 CHAPTER 8 Table 8A.3 Production
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128 CHAPTER 8 Thomas, G. W. 1982. E
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130 CHAPTER 9 (Nkuba et al. 1999).
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132 CHAPTER 9 be reduced through la
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134 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.2 Summary sta
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136 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.3 Coefficient
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138 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.4 Mean compar
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140 CHAPTER 9 References Anandajaya
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142 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.1 Ugandan c
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144 CHAPTER 10 (Kangire and Rutherf
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146 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.4 Predomina
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here> 7near 10. 148 CHAPTER 10 Tabl
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150 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.8 Present v
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152 CHAPTER 10 In terms of specific
Page 171:
Part IV. Conclusions
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158 CHAPTER 11 in cooking, brewing
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160 CHAPTER 11 sumption and income
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162 CHAPTER 11 4. 5. for which the
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APPENDIX A Banana Taxonomy for Ugan
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR UGANDA 167 Tabl
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR UGANDA 169 Tabl
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR TANZANIA 171 Ta
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR TANZANIA 173 Ta
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APPENDIX C Use of Improved Banana V
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DETAILS OF SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN 177
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Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
VILLAGE SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN UGANDA
Page 201 and 202:
List of Principal Authors and Contr
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 187 rigation, and
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