An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and ...

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here> 1near 3. 26 CHAPTER 3 major food staple, and second or third as a cash crop in the banana- and/or coffeebased farming systems of Kagera, Arusha, Kilimanjaro, and Mbeya regions (Nkuba et al. 2003). Banana Types and Uses Most of the banana cultivars grown in the Lake Victoria region of Uganda and Tanzania are endemic to (or consistently present in) the East African highlands. The East African highlands is recognized as a center of banana diversity. NARO (2001) estimates that as much as 85 percent of the bananas grown in Uganda are EAHBs. The endemic banana cultivars (AAA-EA genomic group) consist of two use-determined types: cooking bananas (used to make matooke) and beer bananas (mbidde). In Uganda, these bananas have been classified by Karamura and Pickersgill (1999) into five clone sets according to phenotype characteristics (observable characteristics determined in part by genotype, in part by environment, and in part by the interaction of genotype with environment). The five clone sets are named Musakala, Nakabululu, Nakitembe, Nfuuka, and Mbidde. Farmers across the Lake Victoria region of Uganda and Tanzania distinguish cultivars based on a subset of these phenotypic characteristics and use. Nonendemic bananas grown in this region include farmers’ cultivars introduced from other regions of the world (here, we refer to these as “exotics”) and a number of recently bred hybrids developed by breeders at FHIA in Honduras and the IITA in Nigeria. Exotic cultivars include beer and sweet bananas (AB, ABB, and AAA genomic groups) and roasting bananas or plantains (AAB genomic group). Hybrids are tetraploids (AAAA, AAAB, and other tetraploid genomic groups). Figure 3.1 summarizes this information by type of cultivar, genomic group, and most common use.
THE BANANA ECONOMY IN THE LAKE VICTORIA REGIONS 27 Figure 3.1 General classification of banana cultivars, genomic groups, and uses BANANA CULTIVARS Endemic Cultivars Nonendemic Cultivars Matooke Mbidde Exotics Hybrids AAA-EA AAB AAA AB ABB AB AAAB AAAA Cook Beer Roast Sweet Beer Multiuse BANANA USES Source: Edmeades (2003). Note: The genome group for Sukali Ndiizi, a small sweet banana, has been revised from AB to AAB. Areas of Production An estimated 61 percent of the Ugandan banana crop is produced in the Western Region, 30 percent is produced in the Central Region, and the remainder in the Eastern Re gion (UBOS 2003). Most banana production takes place on small subsistence farms of less than 0.5 ha using farming methods with low levels of external inputs (Gold et al. 1998). In Tanzania, major zones of production are located in the highlands of Kagera and Mara regions in the Lake Zone, followed by Kilimanjaro, Arusha, and Tanga in the Northern Zone; Mbeya, Ruvuma, and Iringa in the Southern Highlands Zone; Coast and Morogoro in the Eastern Zone; and Zanzibar Islands. The Lake Zone has the highest banana production, followed by the Northern Zone. In 1997/98 and 1998/99, the Lake Zone produced about 45 percent and 43 percent of the total banana production in the country, respectively (MAC 2000). Production Constraints The life span of banana groves ranges from as low as 4 years in central Uganda to several decades. Speijer, Kajumba, and Tushemereirwe (1999) reported plantations as old as 30 years in western Uganda, and higher ages have been reported anecdotally. Until the past few decades, banana was considered a highly sustainable crop in Uganda, with long plantation life and stable yields. During the past 30 years, banana production patterns have been changing. Acreage has increased or remained stable in most of the Western Region, while declining in the Central and Eastern regions (Gold et al. 1998). This shift has been attributed to the increasing severity of production constraints. In particular, declining soil fertility, pests, and diseases severely reduced production in some areas. Included among the most widespread biotic problems are weevils; black Sigatoka disease; Panama disease or Fusarium wilt; and banana bacteria wilt, which causes yield losses as high as 80 percent. Nematodes are a major problem in some areas. Different levels of susceptibility among cultivars have been observed. Weevils are insects that attack all types of banana cul tivars, although the intensity of weevil damage has been found to decrease with elevation (Gold et al. 1994). Black Sigatoka is an airborne fungal
Page 1 and 2: An Economic Assessment of Banana Ge
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Tables List of Fig
Page 5 and 6: Tables 3.1 Net marketing margins pe
Page 7 and 8: TABLES vii 6.5 Characteristics of h
Page 9 and 10: Figures 2.1 Sample domain: Elevatio
Page 11 and 12: Acknowledgments The International F
Page 13 and 14: SUMMARY xiii en’s education--and
Page 15 and 16: Acronyms and Abbreviations AGT ARDI
Page 17: Part I. Research Methods
Page 20 and 21: 4 CHAPTER 1 practices in Africa are
Page 22 and 23: 6 CHAPTER 1 periment station. Not a
Page 24 and 25: 8 CHAPTER 1 niques (based on seed p
Page 26 and 27: 10 CHAPTER 1 Cohen, J. I., and R. P
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER 2 Elements of the Conceptua
Page 30 and 31: 14 CHAPTER 2 ples of adoption disco
Page 32 and 33: 16 CHAPTER 2 transgenic bananas cur
Page 34 and 35: 18 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.2 Sites sampl
Page 36 and 37: 20 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.4 Time profil
Page 39: Part II. Research Context
Page 44 and 45: 28 CHAPTER 3 disease, which affects
Page 46 and 47: here> 1near 3. 30 CHAPTER 3 Table 3
Page 48 and 49: 32 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.2 Banana produ
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Page 52 and 53: 36 CHAPTER 3 Nkonya, E., J. Pender,
Page 54 and 55: here> 1near 4. 38 CHAPTER 4 cash ne
Page 56 and 57: 40 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1 Introductio
Page 58 and 59: 42 CHAPTER 4 Research Introductions
Page 60 and 61: 44 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.2 Names of the
Page 62 and 63: 46 CHAPTER 4 The most widely used m
Page 64 and 65: 48 CHAPTER 4 Ortíz, R., and D. Vuy
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Page 68 and 69: 52 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.4 Percentage o
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Page 82 and 83: 66 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.23 Percentage
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Page 89: Part III. Economic Assessment of Te
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76 CHAPTER 6 The agricultural house
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78 CHAPTER 6 grow, but have grown i
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80 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.2 Summary stat
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82 CHAPTER 6 tion. More frequent vi
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84 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.4 Prototype ho
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86 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.5 Characterist
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88 CHAPTER 6 References Cameron, A.
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90 CHAPTER 7 by-products of other f
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here> 1near 7. 92 CHAPTER 7 Table 7
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94 CHAPTER 7 ity in the two technol
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96 CHAPTER 7 Table 7.2 Definition o
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98 CHAPTER 7 The direct link betwee
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100 CHAPTER 7 Table 7.3 Factors inf
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102 CHAPTER 7 tive sign but are onl
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104 CHAPTER 7 fertility management
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106 CHAPTER 7 participatory decisio
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108 CHAPTER 7 Stevens, J. P. 2002.
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110 CHAPTER 8 defined as a function
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112 CHAPTER 8 inputs or implement c
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114 CHAPTER 8 Crop output is determ
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116 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.1 Variable de
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here> 8.6near here> 8.2near 8.3nea
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120 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.4 Production
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122 CHAPTER 8 during the SOM decomp
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124 CHAPTER 8 Supplementary Tables
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126 CHAPTER 8 Table 8A.3 Production
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128 CHAPTER 8 Thomas, G. W. 1982. E
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130 CHAPTER 9 (Nkuba et al. 1999).
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132 CHAPTER 9 be reduced through la
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134 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.2 Summary sta
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136 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.3 Coefficient
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138 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.4 Mean compar
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140 CHAPTER 9 References Anandajaya
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142 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.1 Ugandan c
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144 CHAPTER 10 (Kangire and Rutherf
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146 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.4 Predomina
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here> 7near 10. 148 CHAPTER 10 Tabl
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150 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.8 Present v
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152 CHAPTER 10 In terms of specific
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Part IV. Conclusions
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158 CHAPTER 11 in cooking, brewing
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160 CHAPTER 11 sumption and income
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162 CHAPTER 11 4. 5. for which the
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APPENDIX A Banana Taxonomy for Ugan
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR UGANDA 167 Tabl
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR UGANDA 169 Tabl
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR TANZANIA 171 Ta
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR TANZANIA 173 Ta
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APPENDIX C Use of Improved Banana V
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DETAILS OF SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN 177
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VILLAGE SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN UGANDA
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List of Principal Authors and Contr
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 187 rigation, and
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