An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and ...
An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and ... An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and ...
140 CHAPTER 9 References Anandajayasekeram, P., and D. R. Martella. 1996. Conceptual framework to assess the impact of agricultural research. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development (Tanzania) 1 (1): 3–9. Baijukya, F. P., and E. C. R. Folmer. 1999. Agro-ecological zonation of the Kagera Region. In: Planning the future: Past, present and future perspectives of land use in the Kagera Region, ed. E. C. R. Folmer, C. Schouten, and F. P. Baijukya. Bukoba, Tanzania: ARDI-Maruku. Baker, J. 2000. Evaluating the impact of development projects on poverty: A handbook for practitioners. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Bosch, Ch. H., A. Lorkeers, M. R. Ndile, and E. Sentozi. 1996. Diagnostic survey: Constraints to banana productivity in Bukoba and Muleba districts, Kagera Region. Bukoba, Tanzania, and Amsterdam: ARDI-Maruku and Royal Tropical Institute. Byabachweze, M. S. R., and A. S. S. Mbwana. 1999. Banana and its improvement efforts at Maruku. In Planning the future: Past, present and future perspectives of land use in the Kagera Region, ed. E. C. R. Folmer, C. Schouten, and F. P. Baijukya. Bukoba, Tanzania: ARDI-Maruku. Byabachweze, M. S. R., P. B. Steenhuijesen, and P. A. Rwezaula. 1997. Banana seasonality in Karagwe District, a problem of perception. Field Note 74. ARDI-Maruku, Tanzania. Doss, C. R., 2003. Understanding farm level technology adoption: Lessons learned from CIMMYT’s micro surveys in eastern Africa. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Economics Working Paper 03-07. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT. Feder, G. 1982. Adoption of interrelated agricultural innovations: Complementarity and the impacts of risk, scale, and credit. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 64 (1): 94–101. Hardaker, J., R. Huirne, and J. Anderson. 1997. Coping with risk in agriculture. Wallingford, U.K.: CAB International. KCDP (Kagera Community Development Programme). 2002. Annual report. Bukoba, Tanzania: KCDP. Lorkeers, A. 1995. Agro-ecological zones of Bukoba District. Applied Soil Fertility Research Project, Soil Section ARDI-Maruku. Manuscript. Maddala, G. 1983. Limited-dependent and qualitative variables in econometrics. Econometric Society Monograph 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MAFS (Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security). 2001. Agricultural sector development strategy. United Republic of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: MAFS. Nkuba, J. M. 2007. Assessing adoption and economic impacts of new banana varieties on livelihoods of farmers Kagera Region, Tanzania. Ph.D. thesis, Sokoine University, Sokoine, Tanzania. Nkuba, J. M., A. S. S. Mbwana, C. Schouten, and S. Mkulila. 1999. Testing improved banana varieties in Bukoba District, Kagera Region. Field Note 96. Bukoba, Tanzania: ARDI-Maruku and Kagera Community Development Programme. Nkuba, J. M., L. J. Ndege, and S. Mkulila, S. 2002. On-farm testing and acceptability of improved banana varieties in Bukoba District, Kagera Region (1997–2001). Field Note 144. Bukoba, Tanzania: ARDI-Maruku. Ravallion, M. 1994. Poverty comparisons. Fundamentals in Pure and Applied Economics 56. Reading, U.K.: Harwood Academic Publishers. RCO (Regional Commissioner’s Office). 2003. Annual report. Kagera Region. Bukoba, Tanzania: RCO. Weedrt, J. 2003. Adoption of superior banana varieties in the Kagera Region: Accomplishment and constraints. Bukoba, Tanzania: Kagera Community Development Programme and Economic Development Initiatives Limited. Woodridge, J. 2001. Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.: MIT Press.
CHAPTER 10 Assessing the Potential Impact of Selected Technologies on the Banana Industry in Uganda Robert Kalyebara, Stanley Wood, and Pamela Nahamya Abodi In this chapter, an economic surplus approach is applied to assess the potential impact of a range of current and emerging technologies. Specialists and experts guided the definition of 6 banana production systems, determined according to productivity potential and the commercial orientation of growers, and 14 technology scenarios that span current best practices for managing bananas, genetic transformation, and conventional breeding. Simulations indicate that current recommended scenarios could generate the highest levels of gross benefits, assuming relatively high rates of adoption. Transgenic varieties resistant to major pests and diseases currently affecting banana production in Uganda appear to generate greater potential benefits than do conventional technologies. In part, this finding reflects expectations that gene insertion is more effective at combating specific pests and diseases. Time lags associated with R&D are also expected to be even longer for conventional banana improvement than for genetic transformation, given the plant’s sterility. Characterizing Banana Production Systems Six banana production systems were defined for the purpose of this analysis, using the approach taken by specialists in Uganda (Tushemereirwe et al. 2001). This categorization involved the recognition of three classes of geographical area according to their intrinsic biophysical suitability to support banana production (high-, medium-, and low-potential productivity zones), in each of which production is subdivided into two categories according to the production orientation of growers (semicommercial and subsistence). Most producers maintain banana plantations primarily to meet food security and cultural needs, only intermittently entering the market as opportunities and needs arise. There is a much smaller but growing share of farmers whose main focus is to produce for the banana market. Clearly, production and technology use decisions, and response to market opportunities and signals, are distinct for these two groups. Table 10.1 summarizes the main characteristics of the six systems with respect to the production of cooking bananas (the endemic AAA-EA cultivar group matooke, as well as some exotic FHIA hybrids). Across all areas in Uganda, a total of some 5.5 million tons of cooking bananas are produced from about 450,000 ha of cropland, at a rough national average yield of around 12 tons per ha (UBOS 2002). Beer and sweet cultivars account for an 141
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140 CHAPTER 9<br />
References<br />
<strong>An</strong><strong>and</strong>ajayasekeram, P., <strong>and</strong> D. R. Martella. 1996. Conceptual framework to assess the impact <strong>of</strong> agricultural<br />
research. Journal <strong>of</strong> Agricultural <strong>Economic</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Development (Tanzania) 1 (1): 3–9.<br />
Baijukya, F. P., <strong>and</strong> E. C. R. Folmer. 1999. Agro-ecological zonation <strong>of</strong> the Kagera Region. In: Planning<br />
the future: Past, present <strong>and</strong> future perspectives <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> use in the Kagera Region, ed. E. C. R.<br />
Folmer, C. Schouten, <strong>and</strong> F. P. Baijukya. Bukoba, Tanzania: ARDI-Maruku.<br />
Baker, J. 2000. Evaluating the impact <strong>of</strong> development projects on poverty: A h<strong>and</strong>book for practitioners.<br />
Washington, D.C.: World Bank.<br />
Bosch, Ch. H., A. Lorkeers, M. R. Ndile, <strong>and</strong> E. Sentozi. 1996. Diagnostic survey: Constraints to<br />
banana productivity in Bukoba <strong>and</strong> Muleba districts, Kagera Region. Bukoba, Tanzania, <strong>and</strong><br />
Amsterdam: ARDI-Maruku <strong>and</strong> Royal Tropical Institute.<br />
Byabachweze, M. S. R., <strong>and</strong> A. S. S. Mbwana. 1999. <strong>Banana</strong> <strong>and</strong> its improvement efforts at Maruku. In<br />
Planning the future: Past, present <strong>and</strong> future perspectives <strong>of</strong> l<strong>and</strong> use in the Kagera Region,<br />
ed. E. C. R. Folmer, C. Schouten, <strong>and</strong> F. P. Baijukya. Bukoba, Tanzania: ARDI-Maruku.<br />
Byabachweze, M. S. R., P. B. Steenhuijesen, <strong>and</strong> P. A. Rwezaula. 1997. <strong>Banana</strong> seasonality in Karagwe<br />
District, a problem <strong>of</strong> perception. Field Note 74. ARDI-Maruku, Tanzania.<br />
Doss, C. R., 2003. Underst<strong>and</strong>ing farm level technology adoption: Lessons learned from CIMMYT’s<br />
micro surveys in eastern Africa. International Maize <strong>and</strong> Wheat <strong>Improvement</strong> Center<br />
(CIMMYT) <strong>Economic</strong>s Working Paper 03-07. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.<br />
Feder, G. 1982. Adoption <strong>of</strong> interrelated agricultural innovations: Complementarity <strong>and</strong> the impacts <strong>of</strong><br />
risk, scale, <strong>and</strong> credit. American Journal <strong>of</strong> Agricultural <strong>Economic</strong>s 64 (1): 94–101.<br />
Hardaker, J., R. Huirne, <strong>and</strong> J. <strong>An</strong>derson. 1997. Coping with risk in agriculture. Wallingford, U.K.:<br />
CAB International.<br />
KCDP (Kagera Community Development Programme). 2002. <strong>An</strong>nual report. Bukoba, Tanzania:<br />
KCDP.<br />
Lorkeers, A. 1995. Agro-ecological zones <strong>of</strong> Bukoba District. Applied Soil Fertility Research Project,<br />
Soil Section ARDI-Maruku. Manuscript.<br />
Maddala, G. 1983. Limited-dependent <strong>and</strong> qualitative variables in econometrics. Econometric Society<br />
Monograph 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />
MAFS (Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Food Security). 2001. Agricultural sector development strategy.<br />
United Republic <strong>of</strong> Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: MAFS.<br />
Nkuba, J. M. 2007. Assessing adoption <strong>and</strong> economic impacts <strong>of</strong> new banana varieties on livelihoods <strong>of</strong><br />
farmers Kagera Region, Tanzania. Ph.D. thesis, Sokoine University, Sokoine, Tanzania.<br />
Nkuba, J. M., A. S. S. Mbwana, C. Schouten, <strong>and</strong> S. Mkulila. 1999. Testing improved banana varieties<br />
in Bukoba District, Kagera Region. Field Note 96. Bukoba, Tanzania: ARDI-Maruku <strong>and</strong><br />
Kagera Community Development Programme.<br />
Nkuba, J. M., L. J. Ndege, <strong>and</strong> S. Mkulila, S. 2002. On-farm testing <strong>and</strong> acceptability <strong>of</strong> improved<br />
banana varieties in Bukoba District, Kagera Region (1997–2001). Field Note 144. Bukoba,<br />
Tanzania: ARDI-Maruku.<br />
Ravallion, M. 1994. Poverty comparisons. Fundamentals in Pure <strong>and</strong> Applied <strong>Economic</strong>s 56. Reading,<br />
U.K.: Harwood Academic Publishers.<br />
RCO (Regional Commissioner’s Office). 2003. <strong>An</strong>nual report. Kagera Region. Bukoba, Tanzania:<br />
RCO.<br />
Weedrt, J. 2003. Adoption <strong>of</strong> superior banana varieties in the Kagera Region: Accomplishment <strong>and</strong><br />
constraints. Bukoba, Tanzania: Kagera Community Development Programme <strong>and</strong> <strong>Economic</strong><br />
Development Initiatives Limited.<br />
Woodridge, J. 2001. Econometric analysis <strong>of</strong> cross section <strong>and</strong> panel data. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.:<br />
MIT Press.
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