An Economic Assessment of Banana Genetic Improvement and ...

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Foreword This research report highlights the findings from a set of studies undertaken by the International Food Policy Research Institute, along with several national and international research institutions, to assess the economic impact of improved cultivars and management practices on smallholder farmers in the Lake Victoria Region of Uganda and Tanzania— an area where the cooking banana is both economically and culturally important. Genetic transformation is a promising alternative for improving the resistance of banana plants to the pests and diseases that cause serious economic losses, because bananas, unlike rice, wheat, and maize, are difficult to improve through conventional breeding techniques. The team of researchers posed three broad questions: What is the current level of adoption of improved cultivars and management practices, given the constraints to banana production and marketing? What are the prospects that banana growers will adopt cultivars with transgenic resistance to pests and diseases, given existing constraints? What is the potential impact on the banana industry of a range of genetic technologies now under development by national researchers? Findings confirm that smallholder farmers value the crop traits targeted for introduction by current bioengineering efforts, and that transgenic bananas have the potential to benefit the poor. The focal role of farmers in developing and promoting planting material systems and the influence of social capital on technology adoption are both demonstrated by the baseline data, with implications for the design of extension systems. The research summarized in this report is new in several respects. First, it documents the uptake of newly released banana hybrids and other recommended banana practices on semisubsistence smallholder farms in East Africa. Second, a complete taxonomy of distinct banana cultivars grown in the region has been developed. Third, the research puts existing knowledge into perspective with advanced social science methods. The findings and recommendations resulting from this study will be useful for policy decisions in the region, contributing initially to technological development and dissemination, and ultimately to increased crop productivity. Joachim von Braun Director General, IFPRI x
Acknowledgments The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) undertook the research presented in this report in partnership with the International Plant Genetic Research Institute (IPGRI), now Bioversity International, and an array of individuals and institutional partners—the initiator being IPGRI’s International Network for Improvement of Banana and Plantains (INIBAP). The Agricultural Research and Development Institute (ARDI), Maruku, led a research component in Kagera Region, Tanzania. ARDI staff built on the experiences of a 5-year project, titled Propagation and Diffusion of Superior Banana Cultivars, which was launched by the Kagera Community Development Programme (KCDP) in collaboration with the Belgian Technical Cooperation and Tanzanian authorities. In Uganda, the research was led by staff at the National Banana Research Programme (NBRP) of the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO). In Uganda, elite endemic cooking cultivars have been propagated through tissue culture, and NBRP has promoted the use of best management practices to combat banana pests and diseases. Scientific staff from the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) also contributed important information and critical review at key junctures. Doctoral and masters students conducted the in-depth studies from which the analyses summarized here are drawn. They were advised by professors at Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Sokoine University, Sokoine, Tanzania; University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) funded the research and offered technical guidance. The Rockefeller Foundation and the E.U. also financed research by doctoral students. Funding was provided through the response program of Wageningen University. The authors particularly acknowledge the support and expertise of Eldad Karamura and his staff at INIBAP in Kampala; the former director of INIBAP and current director general of IPGRI, Emile Frison; the current director of INIBAP, Richard Markham; Jamie Watts, Charles Staver, and Charlotte Lusty, impact specialists at IPGRI; Cliff Gold and other expert staff at IITA who facilitated and advised the research team; and Ruth Meinzen-Dick for her role in initiating and advising in the design of this research. We also thank an anonymous IFPRI reviewer and external reviewers for detailed and constructive comments on earlier drafts of this report. xi
Page 1 and 2: An Economic Assessment of Banana Ge
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Tables List of Fig
Page 5 and 6: Tables 3.1 Net marketing margins pe
Page 7 and 8: TABLES vii 6.5 Characteristics of h
Page 9: Figures 2.1 Sample domain: Elevatio
Page 13 and 14: SUMMARY xiii en’s education--and
Page 15 and 16: Acronyms and Abbreviations AGT ARDI
Page 17: Part I. Research Methods
Page 20 and 21: 4 CHAPTER 1 practices in Africa are
Page 22 and 23: 6 CHAPTER 1 periment station. Not a
Page 24 and 25: 8 CHAPTER 1 niques (based on seed p
Page 26 and 27: 10 CHAPTER 1 Cohen, J. I., and R. P
Page 28 and 29: CHAPTER 2 Elements of the Conceptua
Page 30 and 31: 14 CHAPTER 2 ples of adoption disco
Page 32 and 33: 16 CHAPTER 2 transgenic bananas cur
Page 34 and 35: 18 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.2 Sites sampl
Page 36 and 37: 20 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2.4 Time profil
Page 39: Part II. Research Context
Page 42 and 43: here> 1near 3. 26 CHAPTER 3 major f
Page 44 and 45: 28 CHAPTER 3 disease, which affects
Page 46 and 47: here> 1near 3. 30 CHAPTER 3 Table 3
Page 48 and 49: 32 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.2 Banana produ
Page 50 and 51: 34 CHAPTER 3 would only be able to
Page 52 and 53: 36 CHAPTER 3 Nkonya, E., J. Pender,
Page 54 and 55: here> 1near 4. 38 CHAPTER 4 cash ne
Page 56 and 57: 40 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1 Introductio
Page 58 and 59: 42 CHAPTER 4 Research Introductions
Page 60 and 61:
44 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.2 Names of the
Page 62 and 63:
46 CHAPTER 4 The most widely used m
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48 CHAPTER 4 Ortíz, R., and D. Vuy
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here> 5.3near here>
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52 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.4 Percentage o
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54 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.7 Percentage o
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here> 9near 5. here> 10near 5. 56 C
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here> 12near 5. 58 CHAPTER 5 Table
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60 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.14 Number and
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here> 18near 5. 62 CHAPTER 5 Table
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64 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.20 Average num
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66 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.23 Percentage
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68 CHAPTER 5 Table 5.26 Average dis
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70 CHAPTER 5 considerably higher in
Page 89:
Part III. Economic Assessment of Te
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76 CHAPTER 6 The agricultural house
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78 CHAPTER 6 grow, but have grown i
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80 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.2 Summary stat
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82 CHAPTER 6 tion. More frequent vi
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84 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.4 Prototype ho
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86 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.5 Characterist
Page 104 and 105:
88 CHAPTER 6 References Cameron, A.
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90 CHAPTER 7 by-products of other f
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here> 1near 7. 92 CHAPTER 7 Table 7
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94 CHAPTER 7 ity in the two technol
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96 CHAPTER 7 Table 7.2 Definition o
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98 CHAPTER 7 The direct link betwee
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100 CHAPTER 7 Table 7.3 Factors inf
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102 CHAPTER 7 tive sign but are onl
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104 CHAPTER 7 fertility management
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106 CHAPTER 7 participatory decisio
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108 CHAPTER 7 Stevens, J. P. 2002.
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110 CHAPTER 8 defined as a function
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112 CHAPTER 8 inputs or implement c
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114 CHAPTER 8 Crop output is determ
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116 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.1 Variable de
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here> 8.6near here> 8.2near 8.3nea
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120 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.4 Production
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122 CHAPTER 8 during the SOM decomp
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124 CHAPTER 8 Supplementary Tables
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126 CHAPTER 8 Table 8A.3 Production
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128 CHAPTER 8 Thomas, G. W. 1982. E
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130 CHAPTER 9 (Nkuba et al. 1999).
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132 CHAPTER 9 be reduced through la
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134 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.2 Summary sta
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136 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.3 Coefficient
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138 CHAPTER 9 Table 9.4 Mean compar
Page 156 and 157:
140 CHAPTER 9 References Anandajaya
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142 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.1 Ugandan c
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144 CHAPTER 10 (Kangire and Rutherf
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146 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.4 Predomina
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here> 7near 10. 148 CHAPTER 10 Tabl
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150 CHAPTER 10 Table 10.8 Present v
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152 CHAPTER 10 In terms of specific
Page 171:
Part IV. Conclusions
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158 CHAPTER 11 in cooking, brewing
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160 CHAPTER 11 sumption and income
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162 CHAPTER 11 4. 5. for which the
Page 181 and 182:
APPENDIX A Banana Taxonomy for Ugan
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR UGANDA 167 Tabl
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR UGANDA 169 Tabl
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR TANZANIA 171 Ta
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BANANA TAXONOMY FOR TANZANIA 173 Ta
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APPENDIX C Use of Improved Banana V
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DETAILS OF SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN 177
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Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
VILLAGE SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN UGANDA
Page 201 and 202:
List of Principal Authors and Contr
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 187 rigation, and
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