Semantic Annotation for Process Models: - Department of Computer ...

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ii The proposed approach has been implemented in a prototype annotation tool — ProSEAT to facilitate the annotation process. Procedures of applying the semantic annotation approach with the tool are described through exemplar study. The annotation approach and the prototype tool are evaluated using a quality framework. Furthermore, the applicability of the annotation results is validated by going through a process knowledge management application. The Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) is applied in the application demonstration. We argue that the ontology-based annotation approach combined with the Semantic Web technology is a feasible approach to reconcile semantic heterogeneity in the process knowledge management. Limitations and future work are discussed after concluding this research work. The contributions of this thesis are summarized as follows. First, a general process ontology is proposed for unifying process representations at a high level of abstraction. Second, a semantic annotation framework is introduced to describe process knowledge systematically. Third, ontology-based annotation methods are elaborated and formalized. Fourth, an annotation system, utilizing the developed formal methods, is designed and implemented. Fifth, a process knowledge management system is outlined as the platform for manipulating the annotation results. Moreover, applying results of the approach is demonstrated through a process model integration example.
Contents Preface xv I Background and Context 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 Approach and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4.1 Semantic reconciliation of business process models . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.2 Machine-interpretable process knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5 Research Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.6 Major Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.7 Thesis Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 Problem Setting 11 2.1 Models in Information System Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 Modeling Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.1 Semiotic triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.2 Modeling language, meta-model and model semantics . . . . . . 14 2.2.3 Ontology-driven and domain-specific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.3 Information Systems and Semantic Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.1 Ontology in information systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3.2 RML and OWL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4 Semantic Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4.1 Semantic heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4.2 Semantic annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.5 Business Process Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.6 Process Knowledge Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.6.1 Knowledge and process knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.6.2 Knowledge representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.6.3 Knowledge management activities associated with process models 28 2.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 iii
Page 1 and 2: Yun Lin Semantic Annotation for Pro
Page 3: To MY BELOVED HUSBAND HAO DING AND
Page 8 and 9: iv CONTENTS 3 State of the Art 31 3
Page 10 and 11: vi CONTENTS 7.5.2 Semantic reasonin
Page 12 and 13: viii CONTENTS H PSAM Annotation Res
Page 14 and 15: x LIST OF FIGURES 6.1 System module
Page 16 and 17: xii LIST OF FIGURES
Page 18 and 19: xiv LIST OF TABLES
Page 20 and 21: xvi PREFACE My tremendous gratitude
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 Introduction Business pro
Page 25 and 26: 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND RESEARCH
Page 27 and 28: 1.4. APPROACH AND SCOPE 7 1.4.1 Sem
Page 29 and 30: 1.6. MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS 9 1.6 Majo
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 Problem Setting In this c
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Page 35 and 36: 2.2. MODELING BASIS 15 meta-model o
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Page 49 and 50: 2.7. SUMMARY 29 • Creation or imp
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Table 3.1: Modeling constructs of d
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3.2. SEMANTIC INTEROPERABILITY AND
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Representation primitives Process P
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3.3. GOAL MODELING 49 From the surv
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3.4. SEMANTIC ANNOTATION METHODS AN
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3.6. SUMMARY 59 In the goal modelin
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Part II Design and Application 61
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64 CHAPTER 4. SEMANTIC ANNOTATION F
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84 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION proce
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86 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION in a
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88 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION • i
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90 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION 5.5 G
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92 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION
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94 CHAPTER 6. PRO-SEAT (PROCESS SEM
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100 CHAPTER 6. PRO-SEAT (PROCESS SE
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102 CHAPTER 6. PRO-SEAT (PROCESS SE
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104 CHAPTER 7. EXEMPLAR STUDIES AND
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Chapter 8 Quality Evaluation of the
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8.2. SETTING FOR THE QUALITY EVALUA
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8.2. SETTING FOR THE QUALITY EVALUA
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8.3. QUALITY ANALYSIS 135 to those
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8.3. QUALITY ANALYSIS 137 annotatio
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8.3. QUALITY ANALYSIS 139 • G1 -
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8.5. SUMMARY 141 3. Semantic annota
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Chapter 9 Validation of Applicabili
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9.1. VALIDATION DESIGN 145 - RE3.3
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9.2. SWRL FORMULATION 147 Table 9.1
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9.2. SWRL FORMULATION 149 RE3.2 RE3
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9.3. APPLICABILITY VALIDATION IN AN
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9.4. DISCUSSION ON RESULTS OF THE V
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9.4. DISCUSSION ON RESULTS OF THE V
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Part IV Synopsis 163
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166 CHAPTER 10. CONCLUSIONS AND FUT
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Appendix A BPMN This chapter presen
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A.3. CONNECTING OBJECTS 175 Figure
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A.6. BPMN META-MODEL TREE IN METIS
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Appendix B EEML 2005 The language v
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B.2. RECOURSES MODELING DOMAIN 181
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Appendix C SCOR SCOR — Supply Cha
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C.2. LEVEL 2 TOOLKIT 185 Level 1 Me
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C.3. LEVEL 3 PROCESS ELEMENTS 187 F
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Appendix D Algorithm for Semi-Autom
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191 Algorithm 1 Goal Annotation Alg
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Algorithm 4 Goal Annotation Algorit
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195 Algorithm 6 Goal Annotation Alg
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Appendix E GUI of Pro-SEAT The prop
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199 Figure E.3: Mapping meta-model
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201 Figure E.5: Goal annotation UI
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Appendix F Analysis of the Annotati
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F.2. INTEGRATION APPLICATION BASED
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F.2. INTEGRATION APPLICATION BASED
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Appendix G Schema of PSAM and SWRL
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G.1. PSAM IN OWL 211
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G.2. RULE DEFINITIONS IN SWRL 213
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G.2. RULE DEFINITIONS IN SWRL 215
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Appendix H Annotation Results in Ex
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H.2. ANNOTATION OF PM B1 219 xmlns:
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H.3. ANNOTATION OF PM B2 221 Av
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Bibliography [1] ALTOVA. What is th
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 [26] Dov Dori. Why
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 [52] Ian Horrocks.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 229 [78] John Krogstie
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 [102] Diana Maynar
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 233 [129] OASIS Cover
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 [157] Colette Roll
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 [185] Systems Thin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 [214] John.A. Zach
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