Semantic Annotation for Process Models: - Department of Computer ...

3.3. GOAL MODELING 49
From the survey, we also found that the formal representation of the ontologies are
usually specified through the primitives such as class (sub-class), property (attribute,
relationship), and axiom. Standard taxonomy and process templates are also often
included in the process ontologies.
3.3 Goal Modeling
Goal is considered as an important concept to represent business strategy and support
decision making. Goal models are used to represent business objectives for stakeholders
and also to drive the elaboration of business requirements for business analysis and
executions. The research on goal-driven methodologies brought out some goal modeling
approaches and languages. From the literature, goal modeling is mostly designed as
a requirements engineering method, such as KAOS [21], i*/GRL [55], GBRAM [56].
With the development of Web services, goal modeling is associated with Web services
modeling for goal-driven services discovery, such as WSMO [210].
3.3.1 KAOS (Knowledge Acquisition in autOmated Specification)
KAOS [21] is a goal-driven methodology which is based on a rich framework for requirements
elicitation, analysis and management. Goal modeling in KAOS is based on
a goal-oriented process. The process starts with goals which are easy to understand
and communicate. They describe the problems instead of the solutions, and can be
refined to different levels of abstraction for incremental analysis process. With KAOS,
functional and non-functional requirements are formally modeled in terms of goals, constraints,
objects, operations, agents, etc. Goals are from available sources and asking
why and how questions; objects, relationships and attributes are derived from the goal
specifications; agents are identified and are assigned alternative responsibility based
on goals; operations and domain pre-/postconditions are also identified from the goal
specifications [192].
3.3.2 i*/GRL (Goal-oriented Requirement Language)
GRL is an extended version of i*, a language for supporting actor/role oriented modeling,
goal-oriented modeling and reasoning of requirements, especifally for dealing with
non-functional requirements [40]. Main concepts associated with goals are represented
by intentional elements, intentional relationships and actors. The intentional elements
in GRL are goal, task, softgoal, belief and resource. The intentional relationships include
means-ends, decompositions, contribution, correlation and dependency. An actor
is an active entity that carries out actions to achieve goals. Goals and requirements are
analyzed through modeling strategic actor relationships. The relationships are modeled
through Strategic Dependency (SD) models and Strategic Rational (SR) models. In
a SD model, one actor (the depender) depends on another actor (the dependee) for a
dependum. According to different types of dependum, several types of dependencies
are distinguished in the Strategic Dependency model, namely goal dependency, task
dependency, resource dependency, and softgoal dependency. The SR model provides a
more detailed level of modeling by looking "inside" actors to model internal intentional