Semantic Annotation for Process Models: - Department of Computer ...

3.2. SEMANTIC INTEROPERABILITY AND PROCESS ONTOLOGIES 45
linking the parameters to a resource class which is defined separately from the process
ontology.
The Intelligent Software Agents Lab at Carnegie Mellon University has played a
critical role in the development of OWL-S from its very conception. In addition, the
Softagent Group has also developed the most complete and integrated set of OWL-S
development tools, the OWL-S IDE. However, OWL-S is criticized to suffer conceptual
ambiguity, lack concise axiomatization, be designed too loosely and offer an overly
narrow view on Web services [106].
3.2.7 WSMO (Web Service Modeling Ontology)
WSMO is a conceptual model for describing various aspects related to Semantic Web
services. The objective of WSMO and its accompanying efforts is to solve the application
integration problem for Web services by defining a coherent technology for
Semantic Web services [210].
WSMO provides ontological specifications for the core elements of Semantic Web
services. The representation of WSMO follows the MOF (Meta-Object Facility) [124]
specification, and the MOF constructs Class, sub-Class, Attributes and type are
used in the definition of WSMO. Every construct of WSMO is called a WSMO element.
There are five top-level elements: annotations, ontologies, Web services, goals
and mediators. WSMO does not contain the constructs to represent any of the process
perspectives, but only provide interface to describe the functionality of the Web
service. A twofold view on the operational competence of the Web service is provided:
choreography decomposes a capability in terms of interaction within the Web service;
orchestration decomposes a capability in terms of functionality required form other Web
services. The process of Web services composition is excluded from WSMO. Another
important feature of WSMO is that it introduces the elements Goal and Mediator.
Goal can represent an objective of the execution of a Web service. Mediator is exploited
to overcome interoperability problems between different WSMO elements. For example,
a wgMediator (Web service to goal Mediator) links Web services to goals, indicating
that the Web service (totally or partially) fulfills the goal to which it is linked. Such a
mediator may explicitly state the difference between the two entities and map different
vocabularies through the use of ooMediators (ontology to ontology Mediators) [209].
3.2.8 POP* (Process, Organization, Product and others)
POP* methodology is one of the research contributions of the EU project ATHENA
[139]. The overall objective of ATHENA is to enable enterprise to seamlessly interoperate
with others. The POP* methodology aims to develop a set of core modeling
methodology elements for capturing collaborative enterprises design and management.
It offers a model exchange device by providing a common format along with a mapping
methodology to define the mappings from the various enterprise modeling languages
to the common format. The POP* methodology includes a common format as the exchange
format — the POP* meta-model containing a set of basic modeling constructs.
There are five dimensions included in POP*, namely the Process, Organization, Product,
Decision and Infrastructure dimensions [138].