Semantic Annotation for Process Models: - Department of Computer ...

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140 CHAPTER 8. QUALITY EVALUATION OF THE METHOD • Empirical Quality - The details of model annotation and goal annotation are displayed in the property fields for each instance in Pro-SEAT. The layout of those properties are not well organized in groups and the sequence of the properties is displayed variously each time when running the tool. Thus, it is hard to navigate the properties when manipulating the annotation. Nevertheless, the operation of the annotation is simple — just select the reference concept from the ontology tree by clicking or entering the reference value. • Syntactic Quality - The prototype of the annotation tool does not provide the functions for performing a syntax check from the user interface, but invalid OWL models can not be parsed by the OWL API in Pro-SEAT. • Semantic Quality and Perceived Semantic Quality. The current annotation tool does not support any semantic consistency or completeness checking during the annotation. • Pragmatic Quality - Pro-SEAT does not provide a visualization of process models, annotation models and ontologies. The imported original process model from Metis is listed in the tree-view. The tree-view of the model keeps the same structure as in the Metis tool. It is not difficult for the Metis user to interpret the model in Pro-SEAT. The Protégé’s tree-view of ontology is also integrated in Pro-SEAT so that the subsumption relationship between ontology concepts can be viewed in Pro-SEAT. The other relationships represented in OWL properties and constraints can not be displayed in Pro-SEAT, which would hide the complexity and help the annotator to identify the concepts easily. The annotation models are listed and navigated according to the GPO concepts. In Pro-SEAT, it is difficult to establish an overall view of the annotation model or check the interrelationships between annotations. A model search interface is integrated in Pro- SEAT. Based on the annotation results, it facilitates the navigation of the process models and the annotation information by focusing on the GPO categories. 8.4 Requirements Satisfaction of the Semantic Annotation System Recall the requirements we identified for the semantic annotation system in section 3.5. Next, we examine what and how the requirements for Pro-SEAT have been met in this section. 1. The system should be able to present and parse annotation source models which are originally in certain formats and representations. Pro-SEAT can present and parse the process models in XML format which is generated from Metis modeling tool. 2. The system should provide an ontology browser for the overview and manipulation of ontological knowledge. The integrated Protégé-OWL API provides the functionality to browse ontologies.
8.5. SUMMARY 141 3. Semantic annotation schema or metadata should be supplied (pre-defined) or generated (ontology-based) by the system. OWL formated GPO ontology can be loaded in Pro-SEAT. After the meta-model annotation, the PSAM schema for model and goal annotation can be generated in Pro-SEAT. 4. The annotation procedure should be easily manipulated by users with the system, i.e. easy to locate "annotatee" (e.g. entity in source model) and "annotater" (e.g. concept in ontology) during the annotation. This requirement has been discussed through the analysis of empirical quality and pragmatic quality in section 8.3. Stronger evidence should be collected from more usability studies involving end-users. 5. The system should support the maintenance of annotation results (e.g. embedded vs. stand-off annotation). The annotation is stand-off annotation in this work so that it allows the dynamic changes of the user-specific annotations. 6. Multiple-ontology references (e.g. different levels of ontologies) might be supported in the system. So far, a top-level ontology for meta-model annotation and domain ontology for model and goal annotation are supported in this work. 7. Different types of annotations (e.g. instance identification, URI links, and other semantic relationships) might be supported. The main supported annotation types supported by Pro-SEAT are URI links and the semantic relationships such as synonym, hypernym and meronym. 8. Semi-automatic or automatic annotation might be considered in the system. The implementation of the goal-annotation algorithms contribute the semiautomation of the tool, which partially meets the requirement. 9. The system might be able to serialize the annotation results for reuse in different systems. The annotation result from Pro-SEAT is in OWL and it is serialized. Thus, this requirement is met through the test that the annotation result can be represented in Protégé-OWL Editor. 10. It might be possible to conduct semantic inference among ontology-based semantic annotations. The satisfaction of the requirement of semantic inference will be exemplified in next chapter. 8.5 Summary As evaluation method for ontology-based semantic annotation is a new research topic as the emerging semantic annotation approaches applying the Semantic Web techniques. According to the author’s knowledge, there is no systematic evaluation methodology for
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Yun Lin Semantic Annotation for Pro
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To MY BELOVED HUSBAND HAO DING AND
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ii The proposed approach has been i
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iv CONTENTS 3 State of the Art 31 3
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vi CONTENTS 7.5.2 Semantic reasonin
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viii CONTENTS H PSAM Annotation Res
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x LIST OF FIGURES 6.1 System module
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xii LIST OF FIGURES
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xiv LIST OF TABLES
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xvi PREFACE My tremendous gratitude
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Chapter 1 Introduction Business pro
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1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND RESEARCH
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1.4. APPROACH AND SCOPE 7 1.4.1 Sem
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1.6. MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS 9 1.6 Majo
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Chapter 2 Problem Setting In this c
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Figure 2.1: Zachman Enterprise Arch
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2.2. MODELING BASIS 15 meta-model o
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2.3. INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SEMANT
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2.4. SEMANTIC INTEROPERABILITY 23 3
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2.5. BUSINESS PROCESS MODEL 25 2.5
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2.6. PROCESS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 2
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2.7. SUMMARY 29 • Creation or imp
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Chapter 3 State of the Art This cha
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3.1. PROCESS MODELING LANGUAGES 33
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3.1. PROCESS MODELING LANGUAGES 35
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Table 3.1: Modeling constructs of d
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3.2. SEMANTIC INTEROPERABILITY AND
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Representation primitives Process P
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3.3. GOAL MODELING 49 From the surv
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3.4. SEMANTIC ANNOTATION METHODS AN
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3.6. SUMMARY 59 In the goal modelin
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Part II Design and Application 61
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64 CHAPTER 4. SEMANTIC ANNOTATION F
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84 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION proce
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86 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION in a
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88 CHAPTER 5. GOAL ANNOTATION • i
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Page 167 and 168: 9.2. SWRL FORMULATION 147 Table 9.1
Page 169 and 170: 9.2. SWRL FORMULATION 149 RE3.2 RE3
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Page 193 and 194: Appendix A BPMN This chapter presen
Page 195 and 196: A.3. CONNECTING OBJECTS 175 Figure
Page 197 and 198: A.6. BPMN META-MODEL TREE IN METIS
Page 199 and 200: Appendix B EEML 2005 The language v
Page 201 and 202: B.2. RECOURSES MODELING DOMAIN 181
Page 203 and 204: Appendix C SCOR SCOR — Supply Cha
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191 Algorithm 1 Goal Annotation Alg
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Algorithm 4 Goal Annotation Algorit
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195 Algorithm 6 Goal Annotation Alg
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Appendix E GUI of Pro-SEAT The prop
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199 Figure E.3: Mapping meta-model
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201 Figure E.5: Goal annotation UI
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Appendix F Analysis of the Annotati
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F.2. INTEGRATION APPLICATION BASED
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F.2. INTEGRATION APPLICATION BASED
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Appendix G Schema of PSAM and SWRL
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G.1. PSAM IN OWL 211
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G.2. RULE DEFINITIONS IN SWRL 213
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G.2. RULE DEFINITIONS IN SWRL 215
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Appendix H Annotation Results in Ex
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H.2. ANNOTATION OF PM B1 219 xmlns:
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H.3. ANNOTATION OF PM B2 221 Av
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Bibliography [1] ALTOVA. What is th
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 225 [26] Dov Dori. Why
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 [52] Ian Horrocks.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 229 [78] John Krogstie
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 231 [102] Diana Maynar
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 233 [129] OASIS Cover
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 [157] Colette Roll
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 [185] Systems Thin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 [214] John.A. Zach
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