The Role of State Constitutions in Protecting ... - International IDEA
The Role of State Constitutions in Protecting ... - International IDEA
The Role of State Constitutions in Protecting ... - International IDEA
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nurtur<strong>in</strong>g accommodations. <strong>The</strong>se crosscutt<strong>in</strong>g cleavages make all groups feel that<br />
they are neither <strong>in</strong> the majority or the m<strong>in</strong>ority. For example, H<strong>in</strong>dus are the<br />
largest religious bloc, yet they are sub-divided <strong>in</strong>to many different language<br />
groups. Only 18% <strong>of</strong> the H<strong>in</strong>dus speak H<strong>in</strong>di. Demographic distribution and<br />
different political affiliations further <strong>in</strong>crease the cleavages. So, while H<strong>in</strong>dus may<br />
appear to be the majority but they are split <strong>in</strong>to numerous sub-groups.<br />
Indian society is like a salad<br />
bowl, <strong>in</strong> contrast to the<br />
melt<strong>in</strong>g pot model <strong>of</strong> the<br />
United <strong>State</strong>s.<br />
...significant differences <strong>in</strong><br />
India are ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed and yet<br />
accommodated <strong>in</strong> a<br />
creative way<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Yadav, what makes the democratic federation work is that the<br />
different ethnic groups feel both scared and confident at the same time. S<strong>in</strong>ce<br />
there is no hegemonic group, different groups understand that they have to work<br />
together, share power and respect both unity and diversity. Indian society is like a<br />
salad bowl, <strong>in</strong> contrast to the melt<strong>in</strong>g pot model <strong>of</strong> the United <strong>State</strong>s. By say<strong>in</strong>g<br />
this he meant that significant differences <strong>in</strong> India are ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed and yet<br />
accommodated <strong>in</strong> a creative way by amend<strong>in</strong>g the constitution and chang<strong>in</strong>g<br />
political practices over time.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Australian approach to federalism:<br />
An <strong>in</strong>tegrationist experience<br />
<strong>The</strong> Australian<br />
constitutional experience…<br />
a “com<strong>in</strong>g together” model.<br />
…diversity is protected by<br />
policies <strong>of</strong> multiculturalism<br />
and non-discrim<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
rather than by constitutional<br />
safeguards.<br />
Cheryl Saunders expla<strong>in</strong>ed the background to the Australian Constitution and<br />
described the constitutional experience as a “com<strong>in</strong>g together” model. Australia<br />
was formed as a country by six former British colonies which already had their<br />
own constitutions and governments (with three branches – executive, legislative<br />
and judiciary), com<strong>in</strong>g together as states. <strong>The</strong>y did so mostly for economic<br />
reasons, rather than for reasons <strong>of</strong> secur<strong>in</strong>g ethnic equality or m<strong>in</strong>ority protection.<br />
Although the Australian federal constitution together with its state constitutions,<br />
have a limited role <strong>in</strong> protect<strong>in</strong>g m<strong>in</strong>ority rights, over the last 100 years, the<br />
federation has been successful <strong>in</strong> balanc<strong>in</strong>g national unity and the states’<br />
autonomy.<br />
When the federal constitution was written, the society was largely homogenous,<br />
with only a small population <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>digenous people. <strong>The</strong> <strong>in</strong>digenous people were<br />
excluded from constitution mak<strong>in</strong>g, and the constitution did not give them<br />
adequate protection. Over time, new waves <strong>of</strong> immigrants made Australia’s<br />
population diverse, and today this diversity is protected by policies <strong>of</strong><br />
multiculturalism and non-discrim<strong>in</strong>ation rather than by constitutional<br />
safeguards.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re were considerable differences <strong>of</strong> op<strong>in</strong>ion when draft<strong>in</strong>g the federal<br />
constitution. <strong>The</strong> conflict was particularly on how to divide power and money<br />
between the federal union or national level government (also referred to as <strong>The</strong><br />
Commonwealth government) and the state governments. After negotiations, the<br />
upper house giv<strong>in</strong>g an equal number <strong>of</strong> seats to each <strong>of</strong> the states was created. All<br />
executive, legislative and judicial power is divided between the union and the<br />
states and many powers are concurrent. <strong>The</strong> only exclusive powers given to the<br />
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