Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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Address Allocation [17] and [22] Binary prefix Hex. prefix Fraction of address space Assignment 0000 0000 ::/8 1/256 Reserved 0000 0001 100::/8 1/256 Unassigned 0000 001 200::/7 1/128 Network Service Access Point (NSAP) Allocation-RFC 1888 0000 01 400::/6 1/64 Unassigned (first half was formerly Novell’s IPX) 0000 1 800::/5 1/32 Unassigned 0001 1000::/4 1/16 Unassigned 001 2000::/3 1/8 Global Unicast - RFC 2374 see RFC 3587 010 4000::/3 1/8 Unassigned (formerly provider based unicast addresses) 011 6000::/3 1/8 Unassigned 100 8000::/3 1/8 Unassigned (formerly Geographic-based Unicast Addresses) 101 A000::/3 1/8 Unassigned 110 C000::/3 1/8 Unassigned 1110 E000::/4 1/16 Unassigned 1111 0 F000::/5 1/32 Unassigned 1111 10 F800::/6 1/64 Unassigned 1111 110 FC00::/7 1/128 Unassigned 1111 1110 0 FE00::/9 1/512 Unassigned 1111 1110 10 FE80::/10 1/1024 Link Local Use Addresses Maguire Address Allocation [17] and [22] 10: 18 of 54 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
Binary prefix Hex. prefix Fraction of address space Assignment 1111 1110 11 FEC0::/10 1/1024 Reserved for IANA (was Site Local Use Addresses) 1111 1111 FF00::/8 1/256 Multicast Addresses Global Unicast Addresses RFC 2374 defined an IPv6 address allocation structure that which featured Top Level Aggregator (TLAs) and Next Level Aggregator (NLAs) - this has been replaced (see RFC 3587[18]) by a coordinated allocation policy defined by the Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) [19] The Subnet Local Aggregator (SLAs) of RFC 2374 ⇒ now called the “subnet ID” 001 (3 bits) global routing prefix (45 bits) subnet ID (16 bits) Interface ID (64 bits) Thus the Regional Internet Registries are allocating addresses from 2000:/3 For a table of IPv6 unicast assignment see http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-unicast-address-assignments Maguire Global Unicast Addresses 10: 19 of 54 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
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IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
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Internetworking....................
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Virtual Interface (VIF)............
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Module 2: IP Basics: Routing, ARP,
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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ICMP Redirect .....................
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Building a UDP packet from scratch
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Module 5: TCP, HTTP, RPC, NFS, X...
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Problems with multiple connections.
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Module 6: SCTP ....................
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Module 7: Dynamic Routing .........
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BGP Open Message ..................
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IGMP Implementation Details........
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Capacity Assignment ...............
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Network Management Systems ........
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Module 10: IPv6 ...................
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Why IPv6? .........................
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Wireless WANs . . . . . . . . . . .
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Module 12: IPSec, VPNs, Firewalls,
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Module 13: Future and Summary......
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Peer to peer networking ...........
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Module 14: Some exercises..........
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Welcome to the Internetworking cour
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Goals, Scope and Method Goals of th
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Learning Outcomes Following this co
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Prerequisites • Datorkommunikatio
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Topics • What an internet is and
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Grades: A..F (ECTS grades) • To g
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Written Assignment Goal: to gain an
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Literature The course will mainly b
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Lecture Plan Subject to revision!
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Context of the module Communication
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How can we deal with all of these d
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Basic concepts open-architecture ne
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Internetworked Architecture H … M
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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IP traffic growing exponentially! T
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Growth rates Some people think the
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Increasing Data Rates “Ethernet
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The Internet Today Local … Local
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Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
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Encapsulation Appl header user data
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• Transport layer • Port number
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IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700)
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Decimal Keyword Protocol References
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Basic communication mechanism: data
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Common Used Simple Services Name TC
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Simple Campus Network WAN ISP’s r
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How important are switches vs. rout
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Ethernet Encapsulation (RFC 894) DS
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IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest “…
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SLIP Problems ⇒CSLIP ≡ Compress
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PPP: Point to Point Protocol PPP (R
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PPP summary • support for multipl
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Loopback interface summary • loop
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Using VIF for tunneling TCP UDP ...
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Figure 16: Start the program, then
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Figure 18: After capturing some pac
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Figure 19: Export the captured traf
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Importing in to a Microsoft Excel 1
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Figure 22: Final step -- Note that
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Using a Perl script #!/usr/bin/perl
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Choosing which columns to display F
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Figure 26: Save your parameters and
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Classful addressing Classically the
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Special Case IP Addresses IP Addres
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CID
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IP address assignments Internet Ser
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Problems with the dual functions of
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Standardization Organizations The m
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W. Richard Stevens • Born in Luan
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[12] Van Jacobson, "If a Clean Slat
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IP Basics Outline • IP Routing: D
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Routing The internet protocols are
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Forwarding • Next-Hop method - ro
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Forwarding module A simplified view
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Fast forwarding Mikael Degermark, A
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where ddd is some numeric value. Ro
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Host routing A host either: • kno
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Combining layers Many devices now c
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What to do with a new computer? We
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ARP ≡ Address Resolution Protocol
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Address Resolution Cache Since you
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ARP example 2 B FTPd C resolver (1)
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Gratuitous ARP Host sends a request
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ARP - as seen with ethereal Time So
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RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Pr
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RARP server Someone has to know the
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Novel IPX/SPX Addresses Another app
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tcpdump Under HP-UX 11.0 # ./tcpdum
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Tools Used: tcpdump Program tcpdump
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Maguire Wireshark (formerly Etherea
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Tools Used: sock Program • A simp
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#include #include #include #incl
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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Interarrival delay and variance Fig
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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[10] Gianluca Insolvibile, “The L
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• IP • ICMP • Useful Diagnost
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checksum, and options fields. Magui
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MTU½≡Maximum Transmission Unit M
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Fields relevant to Fragmentation
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Serial line throughput At 9,000 bit
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7 {ECN Capable Transport (ECT) and
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Precedence Precedence values are de
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Precendence and telephony systems S
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TTL field Time To Live (TTL) (8 bit
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IPv4 Options • IPv4 options were
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Categories of IP Options • Single
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ICMP Port Unreachable Error Example
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PING: Packet InterNet Groper or son
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On a HP-UX 11.0 machine: ping -ov w
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Useful Tool: Traceroute Programs De
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This lecture we have discussed: •
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Transport layer protocols The trans
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Da
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UDP Checksum and Pseudo-Header •
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Port numbers in three groups Range
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Fragmentation Required If datagram
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• on a BSDI system: • each of t
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With an even larger UDP packet I re
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Datagram truncation What if the app
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Learning about Socket programming F
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UDP server design Stevens, Vol, 1,
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Changed the client Changing the fol
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if (!(proto = getprotobyname("raw")
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ICMP Source Quench Error Since UDP
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No error control Since UDP has no e
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BOOTP continued When a request is s
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DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Pr
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• Message - used by a server to p
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DHCP’s importance • allows reus
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Example of dhcpd.conf ### Managed b
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Trivial File Transfer Procotol (TFT
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Mapping names to IP addresses Host
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Zones A zone is a subtree of the DN
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(see Stevens, Vol. 1, figure 14.2,
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Domain registrars Internet Corporat
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Resource Records (RR) See Stevens,
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Network names Conventions: • it.k
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Example: $ORIGIN it.kth.se. @ 1D IN
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How to give your host a name? Host
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Configuring DNS • Configuring the
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Load leveling [1] For example, f.ro
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Where is f.root-servers.net ? trace
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Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) R
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Attacks upon DNS • Denial of serv
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DNS performance - top 100 From www.
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Web performance - continued Using P
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Transport layer protocols • User
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Applications which use TCP Lots of
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TCP header continued Reliability is
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time client SYN, seq=x SYN, seq=y,
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client active close ACKs from clien
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Maximum Segment Size • The Maximu
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Window size Increasing window size
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Silly Window Syndrome If receiver a
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Disabling the Nagle Algorithm But s
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Resulting bulk data flow Every segm
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Congestion Avoidance So far we have
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Slow start In 1989, Van Jacobson in
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Round-Trip Time Measurement Fundame
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Congestion Avoidance Algorithm Slow
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Per-Route Metrics Newer TCPs keeps
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TCP Keepalive Timer No data flows a
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Long Fat Pipes Networks with large
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Example of TCP behavior 1 1. Figure
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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HTTP Requests request-line == reque
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HTTP Response Codes HTTP 3-digit re
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Server Redirect Response code 302,
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Decrease in total time to produce a
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HTTP Statistics Statistics for indi
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HTTP Performance Problems HTTP open
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Web Enabled Devices emWare - thin c
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Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Two ver
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External Data Representation (XDR)
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NFSspy Insert a new pointer in plac
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nfsspy Initial implementations were
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Often there are multiple NFS client
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NFS Mount protocol Server can check
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NFS over TCP Provided by some vendo
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X Window System • Client-server a
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X was optimized for use across LANs
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Additional tools for watching TCP P
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Transaction TCP (T/TCP) Piggyback a
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References [1] Information Sciences
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Transport layer protocols • User
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SCTP Applications • Initial goal
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• Type SCTP Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23
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INIT Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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INIT ACK Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
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COOKIE ECHO Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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Data Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Ch
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Association Termination Two forms o
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0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Type = 14 Flag
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ethereal capture - daytime - INIT F
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ethereal capture - daytime - COOKIE
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ethereal capture - daytime - DATA F
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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HEARTBEAT and HEARTBEAT ACK Chunks
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Differences from TCP Congestion Con
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3 When retransmitting to a remote a
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Forward Cumulative TSN Allows an en
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SCTP Performance See the upcoming e
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2002 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc330
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• Dynamic Routing Protocols Outli
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Routing Principles • Routing Mech
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Processing Rouing daemon route comm
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Autonomous systems (ASs) - RFC1930
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Routing Algorithms • Static vs. D
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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When are routes sent? Solicited res
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Count to Infinity C network 1 netwo
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Triggered updates and Hold-Downs To
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Why would anyone use RIP? After all
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IGRP Metrics • a vector of metric
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IGRP Default Gateway Rather than us
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) OSP
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OSPF building blocks 1. Hello proto
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Hello packet 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 V
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Link State Announcement (LSA) heade
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Link state update packet 0 7 8 15 1
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Link state acknowledgement packet 0
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Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) an
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Local vs. Transit traffic Local tra
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BGP does not transmit metrics. Howe
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Redistribution of Route Information
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• Open • Update • Keepalive
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BGP Update Message 0 7 8 15 16 23 2
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BGP Notification Message 0 7 8 15 1
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Federal Internet eXchange (FIX) A t
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Global Internet eXchange (GIX) Glob
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Network Access Points (NAPs) At the
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Router Arbiter Project Router Arbit
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Euro6IX The European IPv6 Internet
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Flows A flow is defined as a “uni
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A Tag Edge router labels a packet b
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Creating tags Since tag switching d
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[14] R. Hinden (Editor), “Applica
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• Multicast • IGMP • RSVP Out
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Broadcast and Multicast Traditional
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Broadcasting • Limited Broadcast
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Alternative centralized model CU-Se
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IP Multicast scales well • End-no
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Steve Deering’s Multicast Dynamic
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Multicasting IP addresses Multicast
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Converting Multicast Group to Ether
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Problems Unfortunately many links d
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How does IGMP fit into the protocol
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IGMP Implementation Details In orde
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IGMP Version 2 [3] Allows a host to
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IGMP - ethereal Figure 7: IGMP pack
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Frame 2: IGMP v2 Membership Report
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Frame 15: IGMP v2 Leave Group Ether
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Therefore a Multicast Router • Li
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Multicast Routing - Flooding • ma
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Multicast Routing - Spanning Trees
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Reverse -Path Forwarding (RPF) RPF
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Reverse Path Broadcast (RPB) • We
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Distance-Vector Multicast Routing P
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Core-Based Trees (CBT) A fixed poin
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Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) [10] Exten
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Telesys class was multicast over MB
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MBONE Chronology Nov. 1988 Small gr
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For the some statistics see: http:/
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mrouted mrouted UNIX deamon tunneli
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GLOP addressing Traditionally multi
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Other multicast efforts PGM: Pragma
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SNMP-based tools and multicast rela
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SNMP tools for working with multica
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RSVP: Resource Reservation Setup Pr
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Resource Reservation • Interarriv
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Capacity Assignment • end-nodes a
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RSVP Soft State • “soft state
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RSVP operations (continued) • At
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Argument against Reservation Given,
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[13] B. Fenner and D. Meyer (Editor
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• Network Management • SNMP •
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Network Management Process Network
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Version 1 SNMP Version 2 - in 1992-
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SNMP • SNMPv1 • only 5 commands
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Case Diagram To understand the rela
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Remote MONitoring (RMON) [ RMON MIB
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RMON1 Statistics Information collec
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EtherStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ethe
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HostEntry ::= SEQUENCE { HostEntry
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The Matrix Group Matrix group consi
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Information collected from network
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Network Management Systems • HP O
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• Web based Interfaced Management
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DMI 2.0 has three groups: • Compo
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Common Information Model (CIM) •
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Inter-domain Management task force
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Applications • E-mail • E-mail
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Deregulation ⇒ New regulations
Page 613 and 614: Latency 1 Usability FAX relay/broad
Page 615 and 616: Voice Gateway 2B+D or 30B+D or …
Page 617 and 618: Fax Support Both store-and-forward
Page 619 and 620: Cisco Voice Over IP Enables Cisco 3
Page 621 and 622: 2,400/4,800/7,200/9,600/14,400 bps
Page 623 and 624: “The wireless workplace will soon
Page 625 and 626: Carriers offering VOIP “Equant, a
Page 627 and 628: Economics "Can Carriers Make Money
Page 629 and 630: Patents Mixing voice and data in th
Page 631 and 632: Deregulation ⇒ Trends • replaci
Page 633 and 634: RTP: Real-Time Transport Protocol D
Page 635 and 636: SIP: Session Initiation Protocol SI
Page 637 and 638: SIP Invite 1 INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.
Page 639 and 640: SIP Methods Method Invite Bye Optio
Page 641 and 642: ENUM IETF’s E.164 Number Mapping
Page 643 and 644: Web Services Using protocols built
Page 645 and 646: This lecture we have discussed: •
Page 647 and 648: IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
Page 649 and 650: Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Page 651 and 652: • Wireless computers • supporti
Page 653 and 654: Device Control • Control everyday
Page 655 and 656: IPv6 header format version 4 bits C
Page 657 and 658: Simplifications IPv6 builds on 20 y
Page 659 and 660: Payload length Payload length is th
Page 661 and 662: Extension headers • Each header i
Page 663: Writing an IPv6 address The 128 bit
Page 667 and 668: Interface ID Must be unique to the
Page 669 and 670: Link local addresses Link local add
Page 671 and 672: Permanently assigned groups For exa
Page 673 and 674: Prefix for IPv6 documentation The I
Page 675 and 676: IPv6 Routing • all standard routi
Page 677 and 678: Fragment header Next Header (8 bits
Page 679 and 680: intermediate relays on the way to t
Page 681 and 682: Security • Header Authentication
Page 683 and 684: IPv6 ICMP [13] Type (8 bits) Code (
Page 685 and 686: IPv6 ICMP Echo Request/Reply (PING)
Page 687 and 688: Summary of IPv6 ICMP • incorporat
Page 689 and 690: IPv6 Transition Mechanisms • Incr
Page 691 and 692: IPv6 networks 6Bone - http://www.6b
Page 693 and 694: If things are to be connected they
Page 695 and 696: Where are ISPs? “… There is evi
Page 697 and 698: This lecture we have discussed: •
Page 699 and 700: [13] A. Conta and S. Deering, “In
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Page 703 and 704: Emerging Network Architecture H …
Page 705 and 706: Updating after a move Host name:
Page 707 and 708: Communication from Z to X γ Z C X
Page 709 and 710: Identification γ Z C Y B α γ Z C
Page 711 and 712: How did it know to send the “I am
Page 713 and 714: Getting Service Once it’s identit
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Alternative 1 Initially X is locate
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Alternative 3 Initially X is locate
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Alternative 4 continued Initially X
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What happens in the case of wireles
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Wireless WANs BS-a cell a BS-a cell
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Mobile IP Standardization Effort
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A Mobile-IP(V6) Scenario Home Agent
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Tunneling IP Datagrams Both home ag
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Why Agent Discovery? Agent Discover
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Registration Message Format 0 8 16
Page 735 and 736:
FA Requirements (v4) • Each FA mu
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Optimization Problem Home site Inte
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Mobile IP Problems and Development
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Wireless IP Network Architecture Ho
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HAWAII extension is similar to Cell
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Page 751 and 752:
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Private networks Private Networks a
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Security Protocols, APIs, etc. •
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IPSec IPSec in three parts: • enc
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AH header For authentication purpos
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Where can you run IPSec? Mode Where
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Linux firewall For example, for the
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Proxy Access Through A Firewall ext
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Newping http://ftp.cerias.purdue.ed
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Secure Mailer (aka Postfix) Wietse
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• TCP Wrappers - allows monitorin
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Network Address Translation exterio
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Network Security Exercises You will
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Page 779 and 780:
[13] Swedish Defense Material Admin
Page 781 and 782:
Page 783 and 784:
Generations of technology versus ge
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Dissemination not conversation On s
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Are interplanetary and intergalacti
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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Visualizing these laws 100 25000 80
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Exponential growth As Ray Kurzweil
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Is this only true for books? Chris
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Too cheap to meter "It is not too m
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What Would Google Do? Jeff Jarvis
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Service Differentiation Integrated
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Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Ad
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PC interfaces Standard I/O ports of
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IP Storage Area Networks (SANs) Usi
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• Internet SCSI (iSCSI) JBOD == J
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“Beowulf-class” machines Using
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Internet2 http://www.internet2.org/
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Speed through Silicon FPGAs used in
Page 817 and 818:
Active Networks • Network nodes c
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Smart Networks with Sensors (Ren an
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Future of the Internet An important
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Clean slate re-design of the Intern
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Is an hourglass the right model? Ru
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Wikinomics Don Tapscott and Anthony
Page 829 and 830:
Resource pooling examples Resource
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What kinds of things might be inter
Page 833 and 834:
Vehicle Area Networks (VANs) Contro
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• Vehicle maintenance: diagnostic
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Buildings Heating, Ventilation, and
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Infrastructure • Is their ice on
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Is saying “Internet of xxx” mis
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• Server and Network Bandwidth an
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Evolution of new varieties of netwo
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How do I know where I am? Location
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Requirements • Systems with which
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Badge Communications Model Badges a
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Smart Badge Sensors Details of the
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A view of the packaged badge As sho
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Split the functions between access
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Personal Computing and Communicatio
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Future Systems Audio I/O GPS source
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Non-metalic bi-directional neural i
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Spotting trends at 1% Mark J. Penn
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Further Reading [1] Kalevi Kilkki,
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[23] Darwin Valderas Núñez, “In
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Thanks Best wishes on your written
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Internets - configuration 1 Figure
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Adding a firewall and router Intern
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Adding a WiMAX link Internets - con
Page 879:
Adding two-way multimedia Configura
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Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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