Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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Context of the course “The network called the Internet is the single most important development in the communications industry since the public switched voice network was constructed…” -- John Sidgmore when he was CEO, UUNET Technologies and COO, WorldCom 1 1. http://www.lucent.com/enterprise/sig/exchange/present/slide2.html {this URL no longer functions} Maguire Context of the course 1: 19 of 104 maguire@kth.se <strong>2010</strong>.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
Context of the module Communication systems have been both increasing their number of users and increasing the variety of communication systems. Additionally, increasingly communicating entities are not people, but rather things. Number Micro controllers 6 x 10 9 per year http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MM.2002.10015 People 6.7 x 10 9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population Mobile subscribers ~4 x 10 9 http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/newslog/Worldwide+Mobile+Cellular+Subscribers+To+Reach+4+Billion+Mark+Late+2008.aspx PCs >1 x 10 9 http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=703807 Automobiles 53 x 10 6 produced in 2007 http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/ Commercial vehicles 20 x 10 6 produced in 2007 http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/ Maguire Context of the module 1: 20 of 104 maguire@kth.se <strong>2010</strong>.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
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IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
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Internetworking....................
Page 5 and 6:
Virtual Interface (VIF)............
Page 7 and 8:
Module 2: IP Basics: Routing, ARP,
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
Page 11 and 12: ICMP Redirect .....................
Page 13 and 14: Building a UDP packet from scratch
Page 15 and 16: Module 5: TCP, HTTP, RPC, NFS, X...
Page 17 and 18: Problems with multiple connections.
Page 19 and 20: Module 6: SCTP ....................
Page 21 and 22: Module 7: Dynamic Routing .........
Page 23 and 24: BGP Open Message ..................
Page 25 and 26: IGMP Implementation Details........
Page 27 and 28: Capacity Assignment ...............
Page 29 and 30: Network Management Systems ........
Page 31 and 32: Module 10: IPv6 ...................
Page 33 and 34: Why IPv6? .........................
Page 35 and 36: Wireless WANs . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 37 and 38: Module 12: IPSec, VPNs, Firewalls,
Page 39 and 40: Module 13: Future and Summary......
Page 41 and 42: Peer to peer networking ...........
Page 43 and 44: Module 14: Some exercises..........
Page 45 and 46: Welcome to the Internetworking cour
Page 47 and 48: Goals, Scope and Method Goals of th
Page 49 and 50: Learning Outcomes Following this co
Page 51 and 52: Prerequisites • Datorkommunikatio
Page 53 and 54: Topics • What an internet is and
Page 55 and 56: Grades: A..F (ECTS grades) • To g
Page 57 and 58: Written Assignment Goal: to gain an
Page 59 and 60: Literature The course will mainly b
Page 61: Lecture Plan Subject to revision!
Page 65 and 66: How can we deal with all of these d
Page 67 and 68: Basic concepts open-architecture ne
Page 69 and 70: Internetworked Architecture H … M
Page 71 and 72: Trends: Shifting from traditional t
Page 73 and 74: IP traffic growing exponentially! T
Page 75 and 76: Growth rates Some people think the
Page 77 and 78: Increasing Data Rates “Ethernet
Page 79 and 80: The Internet Today Local … Local
Page 81 and 82: Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
Page 83 and 84: Encapsulation Appl header user data
Page 85 and 86: • Transport layer • Port number
Page 87 and 88: IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700)
Page 89 and 90: Decimal Keyword Protocol References
Page 95 and 96: Basic communication mechanism: data
Page 97 and 98: Common Used Simple Services Name TC
Page 99 and 100: Simple Campus Network WAN ISP’s r
Page 101 and 102: How important are switches vs. rout
Page 103 and 104: Ethernet Encapsulation (RFC 894) DS
Page 105 and 106: IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest “…
Page 107 and 108: SLIP Problems ⇒CSLIP ≡ Compress
Page 109 and 110: PPP: Point to Point Protocol PPP (R
Page 111 and 112: PPP summary • support for multipl
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Loopback interface summary • loop
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Using VIF for tunneling TCP UDP ...
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Figure 16: Start the program, then
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Figure 18: After capturing some pac
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Figure 19: Export the captured traf
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Importing in to a Microsoft Excel 1
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Figure 22: Final step -- Note that
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Using a Perl script #!/usr/bin/perl
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Choosing which columns to display F
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Figure 26: Save your parameters and
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Classful addressing Classically the
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Special Case IP Addresses IP Addres
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CID
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IP address assignments Internet Ser
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Problems with the dual functions of
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Standardization Organizations The m
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W. Richard Stevens • Born in Luan
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[12] Van Jacobson, "If a Clean Slat
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IP Basics Outline • IP Routing: D
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Routing The internet protocols are
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Forwarding • Next-Hop method - ro
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Forwarding module A simplified view
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Fast forwarding Mikael Degermark, A
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where ddd is some numeric value. Ro
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Host routing A host either: • kno
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Combining layers Many devices now c
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What to do with a new computer? We
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ARP ≡ Address Resolution Protocol
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Address Resolution Cache Since you
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ARP example 2 B FTPd C resolver (1)
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Gratuitous ARP Host sends a request
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ARP - as seen with ethereal Time So
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RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Pr
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RARP server Someone has to know the
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Novel IPX/SPX Addresses Another app
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tcpdump Under HP-UX 11.0 # ./tcpdum
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Tools Used: tcpdump Program tcpdump
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Maguire Wireshark (formerly Etherea
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Tools Used: sock Program • A simp
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#include #include #include #incl
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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Interarrival delay and variance Fig
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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[10] Gianluca Insolvibile, “The L
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• IP • ICMP • Useful Diagnost
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checksum, and options fields. Magui
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MTU½≡Maximum Transmission Unit M
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Fields relevant to Fragmentation
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Serial line throughput At 9,000 bit
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7 {ECN Capable Transport (ECT) and
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Precedence Precedence values are de
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Precendence and telephony systems S
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TTL field Time To Live (TTL) (8 bit
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IPv4 Options • IPv4 options were
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Categories of IP Options • Single
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ICMP Port Unreachable Error Example
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PING: Packet InterNet Groper or son
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On a HP-UX 11.0 machine: ping -ov w
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Useful Tool: Traceroute Programs De
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This lecture we have discussed: •
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Transport layer protocols The trans
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Da
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UDP Checksum and Pseudo-Header •
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Port numbers in three groups Range
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Fragmentation Required If datagram
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• on a BSDI system: • each of t
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With an even larger UDP packet I re
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Datagram truncation What if the app
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Learning about Socket programming F
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UDP server design Stevens, Vol, 1,
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Changed the client Changing the fol
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if (!(proto = getprotobyname("raw")
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ICMP Source Quench Error Since UDP
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No error control Since UDP has no e
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BOOTP continued When a request is s
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DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Pr
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• Message - used by a server to p
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DHCP’s importance • allows reus
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Example of dhcpd.conf ### Managed b
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Trivial File Transfer Procotol (TFT
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Mapping names to IP addresses Host
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Zones A zone is a subtree of the DN
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(see Stevens, Vol. 1, figure 14.2,
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Domain registrars Internet Corporat
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Resource Records (RR) See Stevens,
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Network names Conventions: • it.k
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Example: $ORIGIN it.kth.se. @ 1D IN
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How to give your host a name? Host
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Configuring DNS • Configuring the
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Load leveling [1] For example, f.ro
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Where is f.root-servers.net ? trace
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Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) R
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Attacks upon DNS • Denial of serv
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DNS performance - top 100 From www.
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Web performance - continued Using P
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Transport layer protocols • User
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Applications which use TCP Lots of
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TCP header continued Reliability is
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time client SYN, seq=x SYN, seq=y,
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client active close ACKs from clien
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Maximum Segment Size • The Maximu
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Window size Increasing window size
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Silly Window Syndrome If receiver a
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Disabling the Nagle Algorithm But s
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Resulting bulk data flow Every segm
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Congestion Avoidance So far we have
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Slow start In 1989, Van Jacobson in
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Round-Trip Time Measurement Fundame
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Congestion Avoidance Algorithm Slow
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Per-Route Metrics Newer TCPs keeps
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TCP Keepalive Timer No data flows a
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Long Fat Pipes Networks with large
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Example of TCP behavior 1 1. Figure
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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HTTP Requests request-line == reque
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HTTP Response Codes HTTP 3-digit re
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Server Redirect Response code 302,
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Decrease in total time to produce a
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HTTP Statistics Statistics for indi
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HTTP Performance Problems HTTP open
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Web Enabled Devices emWare - thin c
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Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Two ver
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External Data Representation (XDR)
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NFSspy Insert a new pointer in plac
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nfsspy Initial implementations were
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Often there are multiple NFS client
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NFS Mount protocol Server can check
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NFS over TCP Provided by some vendo
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X Window System • Client-server a
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X was optimized for use across LANs
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Additional tools for watching TCP P
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Transaction TCP (T/TCP) Piggyback a
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References [1] Information Sciences
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Transport layer protocols • User
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SCTP Applications • Initial goal
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• Type SCTP Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23
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INIT Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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INIT ACK Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
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COOKIE ECHO Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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Data Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Ch
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Association Termination Two forms o
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0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Type = 14 Flag
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ethereal capture - daytime - INIT F
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ethereal capture - daytime - COOKIE
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ethereal capture - daytime - DATA F
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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HEARTBEAT and HEARTBEAT ACK Chunks
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Differences from TCP Congestion Con
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3 When retransmitting to a remote a
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Forward Cumulative TSN Allows an en
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SCTP Performance See the upcoming e
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2002 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc330
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• Dynamic Routing Protocols Outli
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Routing Principles • Routing Mech
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Processing Rouing daemon route comm
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Autonomous systems (ASs) - RFC1930
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Routing Algorithms • Static vs. D
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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When are routes sent? Solicited res
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Count to Infinity C network 1 netwo
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Triggered updates and Hold-Downs To
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Why would anyone use RIP? After all
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IGRP Metrics • a vector of metric
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IGRP Default Gateway Rather than us
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) OSP
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OSPF building blocks 1. Hello proto
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Hello packet 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 V
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Link State Announcement (LSA) heade
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Link state update packet 0 7 8 15 1
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Link state acknowledgement packet 0
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Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) an
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Local vs. Transit traffic Local tra
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BGP does not transmit metrics. Howe
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Redistribution of Route Information
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• Open • Update • Keepalive
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BGP Update Message 0 7 8 15 16 23 2
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BGP Notification Message 0 7 8 15 1
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Federal Internet eXchange (FIX) A t
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Global Internet eXchange (GIX) Glob
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Network Access Points (NAPs) At the
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Router Arbiter Project Router Arbit
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Euro6IX The European IPv6 Internet
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Flows A flow is defined as a “uni
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A Tag Edge router labels a packet b
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Creating tags Since tag switching d
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[14] R. Hinden (Editor), “Applica
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• Multicast • IGMP • RSVP Out
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Broadcast and Multicast Traditional
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Broadcasting • Limited Broadcast
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Alternative centralized model CU-Se
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IP Multicast scales well • End-no
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Steve Deering’s Multicast Dynamic
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Multicasting IP addresses Multicast
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Converting Multicast Group to Ether
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Problems Unfortunately many links d
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How does IGMP fit into the protocol
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IGMP Implementation Details In orde
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IGMP Version 2 [3] Allows a host to
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IGMP - ethereal Figure 7: IGMP pack
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Frame 2: IGMP v2 Membership Report
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Frame 15: IGMP v2 Leave Group Ether
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Therefore a Multicast Router • Li
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Multicast Routing - Flooding • ma
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Multicast Routing - Spanning Trees
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Reverse -Path Forwarding (RPF) RPF
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Reverse Path Broadcast (RPB) • We
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Distance-Vector Multicast Routing P
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Core-Based Trees (CBT) A fixed poin
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Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) [10] Exten
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Telesys class was multicast over MB
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MBONE Chronology Nov. 1988 Small gr
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For the some statistics see: http:/
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mrouted mrouted UNIX deamon tunneli
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GLOP addressing Traditionally multi
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Other multicast efforts PGM: Pragma
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SNMP-based tools and multicast rela
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SNMP tools for working with multica
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RSVP: Resource Reservation Setup Pr
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Resource Reservation • Interarriv
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Capacity Assignment • end-nodes a
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RSVP Soft State • “soft state
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RSVP operations (continued) • At
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Argument against Reservation Given,
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[13] B. Fenner and D. Meyer (Editor
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• Network Management • SNMP •
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Network Management Process Network
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Version 1 SNMP Version 2 - in 1992-
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SNMP • SNMPv1 • only 5 commands
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Case Diagram To understand the rela
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Remote MONitoring (RMON) [ RMON MIB
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RMON1 Statistics Information collec
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EtherStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ethe
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HostEntry ::= SEQUENCE { HostEntry
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The Matrix Group Matrix group consi
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Information collected from network
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Network Management Systems • HP O
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• Web based Interfaced Management
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DMI 2.0 has three groups: • Compo
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Common Information Model (CIM) •
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Inter-domain Management task force
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Applications • E-mail • E-mail
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Deregulation ⇒ New regulations
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Latency 1 Usability FAX relay/broad
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Voice Gateway 2B+D or 30B+D or …
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Fax Support Both store-and-forward
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Cisco Voice Over IP Enables Cisco 3
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2,400/4,800/7,200/9,600/14,400 bps
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“The wireless workplace will soon
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Carriers offering VOIP “Equant, a
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Economics "Can Carriers Make Money
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Patents Mixing voice and data in th
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Deregulation ⇒ Trends • replaci
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RTP: Real-Time Transport Protocol D
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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol SI
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SIP Invite 1 INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.
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SIP Methods Method Invite Bye Optio
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ENUM IETF’s E.164 Number Mapping
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Web Services Using protocols built
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Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
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• Wireless computers • supporti
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Device Control • Control everyday
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IPv6 header format version 4 bits C
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Simplifications IPv6 builds on 20 y
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Payload length Payload length is th
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Extension headers • Each header i
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Writing an IPv6 address The 128 bit
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Binary prefix Hex. prefix Fraction
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Interface ID Must be unique to the
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Link local addresses Link local add
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Permanently assigned groups For exa
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Prefix for IPv6 documentation The I
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IPv6 Routing • all standard routi
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Fragment header Next Header (8 bits
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intermediate relays on the way to t
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Security • Header Authentication
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IPv6 ICMP [13] Type (8 bits) Code (
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IPv6 ICMP Echo Request/Reply (PING)
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Summary of IPv6 ICMP • incorporat
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IPv6 Transition Mechanisms • Incr
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IPv6 networks 6Bone - http://www.6b
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If things are to be connected they
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Where are ISPs? “… There is evi
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[13] A. Conta and S. Deering, “In
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Emerging Network Architecture H …
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Updating after a move Host name:
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Communication from Z to X γ Z C X
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Identification γ Z C Y B α γ Z C
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How did it know to send the “I am
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Getting Service Once it’s identit
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Alternative 1 Initially X is locate
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Alternative 3 Initially X is locate
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Alternative 4 continued Initially X
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What happens in the case of wireles
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Wireless WANs BS-a cell a BS-a cell
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Mobile IP Standardization Effort
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A Mobile-IP(V6) Scenario Home Agent
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Tunneling IP Datagrams Both home ag
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Why Agent Discovery? Agent Discover
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Registration Message Format 0 8 16
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FA Requirements (v4) • Each FA mu
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Optimization Problem Home site Inte
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Mobile IP Problems and Development
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Wireless IP Network Architecture Ho
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HAWAII extension is similar to Cell
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Private networks Private Networks a
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Security Protocols, APIs, etc. •
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IPSec IPSec in three parts: • enc
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AH header For authentication purpos
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Where can you run IPSec? Mode Where
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Linux firewall For example, for the
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Proxy Access Through A Firewall ext
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Newping http://ftp.cerias.purdue.ed
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Secure Mailer (aka Postfix) Wietse
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• TCP Wrappers - allows monitorin
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Network Address Translation exterio
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Network Security Exercises You will
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[13] Swedish Defense Material Admin
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Generations of technology versus ge
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Dissemination not conversation On s
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Are interplanetary and intergalacti
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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Visualizing these laws 100 25000 80
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Exponential growth As Ray Kurzweil
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Is this only true for books? Chris
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Too cheap to meter "It is not too m
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What Would Google Do? Jeff Jarvis
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Service Differentiation Integrated
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Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Ad
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PC interfaces Standard I/O ports of
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IP Storage Area Networks (SANs) Usi
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• Internet SCSI (iSCSI) JBOD == J
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“Beowulf-class” machines Using
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Internet2 http://www.internet2.org/
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Speed through Silicon FPGAs used in
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Active Networks • Network nodes c
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Smart Networks with Sensors (Ren an
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Future of the Internet An important
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Clean slate re-design of the Intern
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Is an hourglass the right model? Ru
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Wikinomics Don Tapscott and Anthony
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Resource pooling examples Resource
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What kinds of things might be inter
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Vehicle Area Networks (VANs) Contro
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• Vehicle maintenance: diagnostic
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Buildings Heating, Ventilation, and
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Infrastructure • Is their ice on
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Is saying “Internet of xxx” mis
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• Server and Network Bandwidth an
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Evolution of new varieties of netwo
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How do I know where I am? Location
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Requirements • Systems with which
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Badge Communications Model Badges a
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Smart Badge Sensors Details of the
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A view of the packaged badge As sho
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Split the functions between access
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Personal Computing and Communicatio
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Future Systems Audio I/O GPS source
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Non-metalic bi-directional neural i
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Spotting trends at 1% Mark J. Penn
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Further Reading [1] Kalevi Kilkki,
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[23] Darwin Valderas Núñez, “In
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Thanks Best wishes on your written
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Internets - configuration 1 Figure
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Adding a firewall and router Intern
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Adding a WiMAX link Internets - con
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Adding two-way multimedia Configura
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