Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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Benefits for Conferencing • IP Multicast is efficient, simple, robust • Users can join a conference without enumerating (or even knowing) other participants • User can join and leave at any time • Dynamic membership Maguire Benefits for Conferencing 8: 49 of 78 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
MBONE Chronology Nov. 1988 Small group proposes testbed net to DARPA. This becomes DARTNET Nov. 1990 Routers and T1 lines start to work Feb. 1991 First packet audio conference (using ISI’s vt) Apr. 1991 First multicast audio conference Sept. 1991 First audio+video conference (hardware codec) Mar. 1992 Deering & Casner broadcast San Diego IETF to 32 sites in 4 countries Dec. 1992 Washington DC IETF - four channels of audio and video to 195 watchers in 12 countries Jan. 1993 MBONE events go from one every 4 months to several a day 1994/1995 Telesys gk -- multicast from KTH/IT in Stockholm July 1995 KTH/IT uses MBONE to multicast two parallel sessions from IETF meeting in Stockholm ... today lots of users and "multicasters" IETF meetings are now regularily multicast - so the number of participants that can attend is not limited by physical space or travel budgets. Maguire MBONE Chronology 8: 50 of 78 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
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IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
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Internetworking....................
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Virtual Interface (VIF)............
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Module 2: IP Basics: Routing, ARP,
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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ICMP Redirect .....................
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Building a UDP packet from scratch
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Module 5: TCP, HTTP, RPC, NFS, X...
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Problems with multiple connections.
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Module 6: SCTP ....................
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Module 7: Dynamic Routing .........
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BGP Open Message ..................
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IGMP Implementation Details........
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Capacity Assignment ...............
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Network Management Systems ........
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Module 10: IPv6 ...................
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Why IPv6? .........................
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Wireless WANs . . . . . . . . . . .
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Module 12: IPSec, VPNs, Firewalls,
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Module 13: Future and Summary......
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Peer to peer networking ...........
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Module 14: Some exercises..........
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Welcome to the Internetworking cour
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Goals, Scope and Method Goals of th
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Learning Outcomes Following this co
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Prerequisites • Datorkommunikatio
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Topics • What an internet is and
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Grades: A..F (ECTS grades) • To g
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Written Assignment Goal: to gain an
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Literature The course will mainly b
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Lecture Plan Subject to revision!
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Context of the module Communication
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How can we deal with all of these d
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Basic concepts open-architecture ne
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Internetworked Architecture H … M
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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IP traffic growing exponentially! T
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Growth rates Some people think the
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Increasing Data Rates “Ethernet
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The Internet Today Local … Local
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Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
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Encapsulation Appl header user data
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• Transport layer • Port number
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IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700)
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Decimal Keyword Protocol References
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Basic communication mechanism: data
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Common Used Simple Services Name TC
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Simple Campus Network WAN ISP’s r
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How important are switches vs. rout
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Ethernet Encapsulation (RFC 894) DS
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IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest “…
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SLIP Problems ⇒CSLIP ≡ Compress
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PPP: Point to Point Protocol PPP (R
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PPP summary • support for multipl
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Loopback interface summary • loop
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Using VIF for tunneling TCP UDP ...
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Figure 16: Start the program, then
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Figure 18: After capturing some pac
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Figure 19: Export the captured traf
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Importing in to a Microsoft Excel 1
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Figure 22: Final step -- Note that
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Using a Perl script #!/usr/bin/perl
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Choosing which columns to display F
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Figure 26: Save your parameters and
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Classful addressing Classically the
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Special Case IP Addresses IP Addres
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CID
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IP address assignments Internet Ser
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Problems with the dual functions of
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Standardization Organizations The m
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W. Richard Stevens • Born in Luan
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[12] Van Jacobson, "If a Clean Slat
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IP Basics Outline • IP Routing: D
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Routing The internet protocols are
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Forwarding • Next-Hop method - ro
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Forwarding module A simplified view
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Fast forwarding Mikael Degermark, A
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where ddd is some numeric value. Ro
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Host routing A host either: • kno
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Combining layers Many devices now c
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What to do with a new computer? We
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ARP ≡ Address Resolution Protocol
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Address Resolution Cache Since you
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ARP example 2 B FTPd C resolver (1)
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Gratuitous ARP Host sends a request
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ARP - as seen with ethereal Time So
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RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Pr
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RARP server Someone has to know the
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Novel IPX/SPX Addresses Another app
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tcpdump Under HP-UX 11.0 # ./tcpdum
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Tools Used: tcpdump Program tcpdump
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Maguire Wireshark (formerly Etherea
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Tools Used: sock Program • A simp
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#include #include #include #incl
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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Interarrival delay and variance Fig
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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[10] Gianluca Insolvibile, “The L
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• IP • ICMP • Useful Diagnost
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checksum, and options fields. Magui
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MTU½≡Maximum Transmission Unit M
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Fields relevant to Fragmentation
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Serial line throughput At 9,000 bit
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7 {ECN Capable Transport (ECT) and
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Precedence Precedence values are de
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Precendence and telephony systems S
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TTL field Time To Live (TTL) (8 bit
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IPv4 Options • IPv4 options were
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Categories of IP Options • Single
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ICMP Port Unreachable Error Example
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PING: Packet InterNet Groper or son
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On a HP-UX 11.0 machine: ping -ov w
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Useful Tool: Traceroute Programs De
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This lecture we have discussed: •
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Transport layer protocols The trans
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Da
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UDP Checksum and Pseudo-Header •
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Port numbers in three groups Range
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Fragmentation Required If datagram
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• on a BSDI system: • each of t
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With an even larger UDP packet I re
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Datagram truncation What if the app
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Learning about Socket programming F
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UDP server design Stevens, Vol, 1,
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Changed the client Changing the fol
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if (!(proto = getprotobyname("raw")
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ICMP Source Quench Error Since UDP
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No error control Since UDP has no e
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BOOTP continued When a request is s
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DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Pr
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• Message - used by a server to p
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DHCP’s importance • allows reus
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Example of dhcpd.conf ### Managed b
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Trivial File Transfer Procotol (TFT
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Mapping names to IP addresses Host
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Zones A zone is a subtree of the DN
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(see Stevens, Vol. 1, figure 14.2,
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Domain registrars Internet Corporat
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Resource Records (RR) See Stevens,
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Network names Conventions: • it.k
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Example: $ORIGIN it.kth.se. @ 1D IN
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How to give your host a name? Host
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Configuring DNS • Configuring the
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Load leveling [1] For example, f.ro
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Where is f.root-servers.net ? trace
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Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) R
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Attacks upon DNS • Denial of serv
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DNS performance - top 100 From www.
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Web performance - continued Using P
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Transport layer protocols • User
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Applications which use TCP Lots of
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TCP header continued Reliability is
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time client SYN, seq=x SYN, seq=y,
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client active close ACKs from clien
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Maximum Segment Size • The Maximu
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Window size Increasing window size
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Silly Window Syndrome If receiver a
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Disabling the Nagle Algorithm But s
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Resulting bulk data flow Every segm
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Congestion Avoidance So far we have
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Slow start In 1989, Van Jacobson in
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Round-Trip Time Measurement Fundame
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Congestion Avoidance Algorithm Slow
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Per-Route Metrics Newer TCPs keeps
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TCP Keepalive Timer No data flows a
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Long Fat Pipes Networks with large
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Example of TCP behavior 1 1. Figure
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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HTTP Requests request-line == reque
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HTTP Response Codes HTTP 3-digit re
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Server Redirect Response code 302,
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Decrease in total time to produce a
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HTTP Statistics Statistics for indi
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HTTP Performance Problems HTTP open
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Web Enabled Devices emWare - thin c
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Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Two ver
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External Data Representation (XDR)
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NFSspy Insert a new pointer in plac
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nfsspy Initial implementations were
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Often there are multiple NFS client
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NFS Mount protocol Server can check
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NFS over TCP Provided by some vendo
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X Window System • Client-server a
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X was optimized for use across LANs
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Additional tools for watching TCP P
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Transaction TCP (T/TCP) Piggyback a
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References [1] Information Sciences
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Transport layer protocols • User
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SCTP Applications • Initial goal
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• Type SCTP Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23
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INIT Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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INIT ACK Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
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COOKIE ECHO Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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Data Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Ch
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Association Termination Two forms o
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0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Type = 14 Flag
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ethereal capture - daytime - INIT F
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ethereal capture - daytime - COOKIE
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ethereal capture - daytime - DATA F
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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HEARTBEAT and HEARTBEAT ACK Chunks
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Differences from TCP Congestion Con
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3 When retransmitting to a remote a
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Forward Cumulative TSN Allows an en
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SCTP Performance See the upcoming e
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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2002 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc330
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• Dynamic Routing Protocols Outli
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Routing Principles • Routing Mech
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Processing Rouing daemon route comm
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Autonomous systems (ASs) - RFC1930
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Routing Algorithms • Static vs. D
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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When are routes sent? Solicited res
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Count to Infinity C network 1 netwo
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Triggered updates and Hold-Downs To
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Why would anyone use RIP? After all
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IGRP Metrics • a vector of metric
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IGRP Default Gateway Rather than us
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) OSP
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OSPF building blocks 1. Hello proto
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Hello packet 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 V
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Link State Announcement (LSA) heade
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Link state update packet 0 7 8 15 1
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Link state acknowledgement packet 0
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Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) an
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Local vs. Transit traffic Local tra
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BGP does not transmit metrics. Howe
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Redistribution of Route Information
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• Open • Update • Keepalive
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BGP Update Message 0 7 8 15 16 23 2
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BGP Notification Message 0 7 8 15 1
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Federal Internet eXchange (FIX) A t
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Global Internet eXchange (GIX) Glob
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Network Access Points (NAPs) At the
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Router Arbiter Project Router Arbit
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Euro6IX The European IPv6 Internet
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Flows A flow is defined as a “uni
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A Tag Edge router labels a packet b
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Creating tags Since tag switching d
Page 495 and 496: Summary This lecture we have discus
Page 497 and 498: [14] R. Hinden (Editor), “Applica
Page 499 and 500: • Multicast • IGMP • RSVP Out
Page 501 and 502: Broadcast and Multicast Traditional
Page 503 and 504: Broadcasting • Limited Broadcast
Page 505 and 506: Alternative centralized model CU-Se
Page 507 and 508: IP Multicast scales well • End-no
Page 509 and 510: Steve Deering’s Multicast Dynamic
Page 511 and 512: Multicasting IP addresses Multicast
Page 513 and 514: Converting Multicast Group to Ether
Page 515 and 516: Problems Unfortunately many links d
Page 517 and 518: How does IGMP fit into the protocol
Page 519 and 520: IGMP Implementation Details In orde
Page 521 and 522: IGMP Version 2 [3] Allows a host to
Page 523 and 524: IGMP - ethereal Figure 7: IGMP pack
Page 525 and 526: Frame 2: IGMP v2 Membership Report
Page 527 and 528: Frame 15: IGMP v2 Leave Group Ether
Page 529 and 530: Therefore a Multicast Router • Li
Page 531 and 532: Multicast Routing - Flooding • ma
Page 533 and 534: Multicast Routing - Spanning Trees
Page 535 and 536: Reverse -Path Forwarding (RPF) RPF
Page 537 and 538: Reverse Path Broadcast (RPB) • We
Page 539 and 540: Distance-Vector Multicast Routing P
Page 541 and 542: Core-Based Trees (CBT) A fixed poin
Page 543 and 544: Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) [10] Exten
Page 545: Telesys class was multicast over MB
Page 549 and 550: For the some statistics see: http:/
Page 551 and 552: mrouted mrouted UNIX deamon tunneli
Page 553 and 554: GLOP addressing Traditionally multi
Page 555 and 556: Other multicast efforts PGM: Pragma
Page 557 and 558: SNMP-based tools and multicast rela
Page 559 and 560: SNMP tools for working with multica
Page 561 and 562: RSVP: Resource Reservation Setup Pr
Page 563 and 564: Resource Reservation • Interarriv
Page 565 and 566: Capacity Assignment • end-nodes a
Page 567 and 568: RSVP Soft State • “soft state
Page 569 and 570: RSVP operations (continued) • At
Page 571 and 572: Argument against Reservation Given,
Page 573 and 574: This lecture we have discussed: •
Page 575 and 576: [13] B. Fenner and D. Meyer (Editor
Page 577 and 578: • Network Management • SNMP •
Page 579 and 580: Network Management Process Network
Page 581 and 582: Version 1 SNMP Version 2 - in 1992-
Page 583 and 584: SNMP • SNMPv1 • only 5 commands
Page 585 and 586: Case Diagram To understand the rela
Page 587 and 588: Remote MONitoring (RMON) [ RMON MIB
Page 589 and 590: RMON1 Statistics Information collec
Page 591 and 592: EtherStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ethe
Page 593 and 594: HostEntry ::= SEQUENCE { HostEntry
Page 595 and 596: The Matrix Group Matrix group consi
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Information collected from network
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Network Management Systems • HP O
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• Web based Interfaced Management
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DMI 2.0 has three groups: • Compo
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Common Information Model (CIM) •
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Inter-domain Management task force
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Applications • E-mail • E-mail
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Deregulation ⇒ New regulations
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Latency 1 Usability FAX relay/broad
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Voice Gateway 2B+D or 30B+D or …
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Fax Support Both store-and-forward
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Cisco Voice Over IP Enables Cisco 3
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2,400/4,800/7,200/9,600/14,400 bps
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“The wireless workplace will soon
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Carriers offering VOIP “Equant, a
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Economics "Can Carriers Make Money
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Patents Mixing voice and data in th
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Deregulation ⇒ Trends • replaci
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RTP: Real-Time Transport Protocol D
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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol SI
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SIP Invite 1 INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.
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SIP Methods Method Invite Bye Optio
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ENUM IETF’s E.164 Number Mapping
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Web Services Using protocols built
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Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
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• Wireless computers • supporti
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Device Control • Control everyday
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IPv6 header format version 4 bits C
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Simplifications IPv6 builds on 20 y
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Payload length Payload length is th
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Extension headers • Each header i
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Writing an IPv6 address The 128 bit
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Binary prefix Hex. prefix Fraction
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Interface ID Must be unique to the
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Link local addresses Link local add
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Permanently assigned groups For exa
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Prefix for IPv6 documentation The I
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IPv6 Routing • all standard routi
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Fragment header Next Header (8 bits
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intermediate relays on the way to t
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Security • Header Authentication
Page 683 and 684:
IPv6 ICMP [13] Type (8 bits) Code (
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IPv6 ICMP Echo Request/Reply (PING)
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Summary of IPv6 ICMP • incorporat
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IPv6 Transition Mechanisms • Incr
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IPv6 networks 6Bone - http://www.6b
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If things are to be connected they
Page 695 and 696:
Where are ISPs? “… There is evi
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
[13] A. Conta and S. Deering, “In
Page 701 and 702:
Page 703 and 704:
Emerging Network Architecture H …
Page 705 and 706:
Updating after a move Host name:
Page 707 and 708:
Communication from Z to X γ Z C X
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Identification γ Z C Y B α γ Z C
Page 711 and 712:
How did it know to send the “I am
Page 713 and 714:
Getting Service Once it’s identit
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Alternative 1 Initially X is locate
Page 717 and 718:
Alternative 3 Initially X is locate
Page 719 and 720:
Alternative 4 continued Initially X
Page 721 and 722:
What happens in the case of wireles
Page 723 and 724:
Wireless WANs BS-a cell a BS-a cell
Page 725 and 726:
Mobile IP Standardization Effort
Page 727 and 728:
A Mobile-IP(V6) Scenario Home Agent
Page 729 and 730:
Tunneling IP Datagrams Both home ag
Page 731 and 732:
Why Agent Discovery? Agent Discover
Page 733 and 734:
Registration Message Format 0 8 16
Page 735 and 736:
FA Requirements (v4) • Each FA mu
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Optimization Problem Home site Inte
Page 739 and 740:
Mobile IP Problems and Development
Page 741 and 742:
Wireless IP Network Architecture Ho
Page 743 and 744:
HAWAII extension is similar to Cell
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Private networks Private Networks a
Page 755 and 756:
Security Protocols, APIs, etc. •
Page 757 and 758:
IPSec IPSec in three parts: • enc
Page 759 and 760:
AH header For authentication purpos
Page 761 and 762:
Where can you run IPSec? Mode Where
Page 763 and 764:
Linux firewall For example, for the
Page 765 and 766:
Proxy Access Through A Firewall ext
Page 767 and 768:
Newping http://ftp.cerias.purdue.ed
Page 769 and 770:
Secure Mailer (aka Postfix) Wietse
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• TCP Wrappers - allows monitorin
Page 773 and 774:
Network Address Translation exterio
Page 775 and 776:
Network Security Exercises You will
Page 777 and 778:
Page 779 and 780:
[13] Swedish Defense Material Admin
Page 781 and 782:
Page 783 and 784:
Generations of technology versus ge
Page 785 and 786:
Dissemination not conversation On s
Page 787 and 788:
Are interplanetary and intergalacti
Page 789 and 790:
Trends: Shifting from traditional t
Page 791 and 792:
Visualizing these laws 100 25000 80
Page 793 and 794:
Exponential growth As Ray Kurzweil
Page 795 and 796:
Is this only true for books? Chris
Page 797 and 798:
Too cheap to meter "It is not too m
Page 799 and 800:
What Would Google Do? Jeff Jarvis
Page 801 and 802:
Service Differentiation Integrated
Page 803 and 804:
Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Ad
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PC interfaces Standard I/O ports of
Page 807 and 808:
IP Storage Area Networks (SANs) Usi
Page 809 and 810:
• Internet SCSI (iSCSI) JBOD == J
Page 811 and 812:
“Beowulf-class” machines Using
Page 813 and 814:
Internet2 http://www.internet2.org/
Page 815 and 816:
Speed through Silicon FPGAs used in
Page 817 and 818:
Active Networks • Network nodes c
Page 819 and 820:
Smart Networks with Sensors (Ren an
Page 821 and 822:
Future of the Internet An important
Page 823 and 824:
Clean slate re-design of the Intern
Page 825 and 826:
Is an hourglass the right model? Ru
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Wikinomics Don Tapscott and Anthony
Page 829 and 830:
Resource pooling examples Resource
Page 831 and 832:
What kinds of things might be inter
Page 833 and 834:
Vehicle Area Networks (VANs) Contro
Page 835 and 836:
• Vehicle maintenance: diagnostic
Page 837 and 838:
Buildings Heating, Ventilation, and
Page 839 and 840:
Infrastructure • Is their ice on
Page 841 and 842:
Is saying “Internet of xxx” mis
Page 843 and 844:
• Server and Network Bandwidth an
Page 845 and 846:
Evolution of new varieties of netwo
Page 847 and 848:
How do I know where I am? Location
Page 849 and 850:
Requirements • Systems with which
Page 851 and 852:
Badge Communications Model Badges a
Page 853 and 854:
Smart Badge Sensors Details of the
Page 855 and 856:
A view of the packaged badge As sho
Page 857 and 858:
Split the functions between access
Page 859 and 860:
Personal Computing and Communicatio
Page 861 and 862:
Future Systems Audio I/O GPS source
Page 863 and 864:
Non-metalic bi-directional neural i
Page 865 and 866:
Spotting trends at 1% Mark J. Penn
Page 867 and 868:
Further Reading [1] Kalevi Kilkki,
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[23] Darwin Valderas Núñez, “In
Page 871 and 872:
Thanks Best wishes on your written
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Internets - configuration 1 Figure
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Adding a firewall and router Intern
Page 877 and 878:
Adding a WiMAX link Internets - con
Page 879:
Adding two-way multimedia Configura
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