Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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Mapping Multicast (Class D) address to Ethernet MAC Address Solution IANA has one block of ethernet addresses 00:00:5e as the high 24 bits • they decided to give 1/2 this address space to multicast -- thus multicast has the address range: 00:00:5e:00:00:00 to 00:00:5e:7f:ff:ff • since the first bit of an ethernet multicast has a low order 1 bit (which is the first bit transmitted in link layer order), the addresses are 01:00:5e:00:00:00 to 01:00:5e:7f:ff:ff • thus there are 23 bits available for use by the 28 bits of the multicast group ID; we just use the bottom 23 bits • therefore 32 different multicast group addresses map to the same ethernet address • the IP layer will have to sort these 32 out • thus although the filtering is not complete, it is very significant The multicast datagrams are delivered to all processes that belong to the same multicast group. To extend beyond a single subnet we use IGMP. Maguire Mapping Multicast (Class D) address to Ethernet MAC Address 8: 17 of 78 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
Problems Unfortunately many links do not support link layer multicasts at all! For example: • ATM • Frame relay • many cellular wireless standards • … Maguire Problems 8: 18 of 78 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
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IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
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Internetworking....................
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Virtual Interface (VIF)............
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Module 2: IP Basics: Routing, ARP,
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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ICMP Redirect .....................
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Building a UDP packet from scratch
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Module 5: TCP, HTTP, RPC, NFS, X...
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Problems with multiple connections.
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Module 6: SCTP ....................
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Module 7: Dynamic Routing .........
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BGP Open Message ..................
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IGMP Implementation Details........
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Capacity Assignment ...............
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Network Management Systems ........
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Module 10: IPv6 ...................
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Why IPv6? .........................
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Wireless WANs . . . . . . . . . . .
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Module 12: IPSec, VPNs, Firewalls,
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Module 13: Future and Summary......
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Peer to peer networking ...........
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Module 14: Some exercises..........
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Welcome to the Internetworking cour
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Goals, Scope and Method Goals of th
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Learning Outcomes Following this co
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Prerequisites • Datorkommunikatio
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Topics • What an internet is and
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Grades: A..F (ECTS grades) • To g
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Written Assignment Goal: to gain an
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Literature The course will mainly b
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Lecture Plan Subject to revision!
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Context of the module Communication
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How can we deal with all of these d
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Basic concepts open-architecture ne
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Internetworked Architecture H … M
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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IP traffic growing exponentially! T
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Growth rates Some people think the
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Increasing Data Rates “Ethernet
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The Internet Today Local … Local
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Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
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Encapsulation Appl header user data
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• Transport layer • Port number
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IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700)
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Decimal Keyword Protocol References
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Basic communication mechanism: data
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Common Used Simple Services Name TC
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Simple Campus Network WAN ISP’s r
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How important are switches vs. rout
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Ethernet Encapsulation (RFC 894) DS
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IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest “…
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SLIP Problems ⇒CSLIP ≡ Compress
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PPP: Point to Point Protocol PPP (R
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PPP summary • support for multipl
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Loopback interface summary • loop
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Using VIF for tunneling TCP UDP ...
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Figure 16: Start the program, then
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Figure 18: After capturing some pac
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Figure 19: Export the captured traf
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Importing in to a Microsoft Excel 1
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Figure 22: Final step -- Note that
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Using a Perl script #!/usr/bin/perl
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Choosing which columns to display F
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Figure 26: Save your parameters and
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Classful addressing Classically the
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Special Case IP Addresses IP Addres
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CID
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IP address assignments Internet Ser
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Problems with the dual functions of
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Standardization Organizations The m
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W. Richard Stevens • Born in Luan
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[12] Van Jacobson, "If a Clean Slat
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IP Basics Outline • IP Routing: D
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Routing The internet protocols are
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Forwarding • Next-Hop method - ro
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Forwarding module A simplified view
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Fast forwarding Mikael Degermark, A
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where ddd is some numeric value. Ro
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Host routing A host either: • kno
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Combining layers Many devices now c
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What to do with a new computer? We
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ARP ≡ Address Resolution Protocol
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Address Resolution Cache Since you
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ARP example 2 B FTPd C resolver (1)
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Gratuitous ARP Host sends a request
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ARP - as seen with ethereal Time So
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RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Pr
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RARP server Someone has to know the
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Novel IPX/SPX Addresses Another app
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tcpdump Under HP-UX 11.0 # ./tcpdum
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Tools Used: tcpdump Program tcpdump
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Maguire Wireshark (formerly Etherea
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Tools Used: sock Program • A simp
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#include #include #include #incl
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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Interarrival delay and variance Fig
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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[10] Gianluca Insolvibile, “The L
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• IP • ICMP • Useful Diagnost
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checksum, and options fields. Magui
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MTU½≡Maximum Transmission Unit M
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Fields relevant to Fragmentation
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Serial line throughput At 9,000 bit
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7 {ECN Capable Transport (ECT) and
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Precedence Precedence values are de
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Precendence and telephony systems S
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TTL field Time To Live (TTL) (8 bit
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IPv4 Options • IPv4 options were
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Categories of IP Options • Single
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ICMP Port Unreachable Error Example
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PING: Packet InterNet Groper or son
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On a HP-UX 11.0 machine: ping -ov w
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Useful Tool: Traceroute Programs De
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This lecture we have discussed: •
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Transport layer protocols The trans
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Da
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UDP Checksum and Pseudo-Header •
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Port numbers in three groups Range
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Fragmentation Required If datagram
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• on a BSDI system: • each of t
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With an even larger UDP packet I re
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Datagram truncation What if the app
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Learning about Socket programming F
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UDP server design Stevens, Vol, 1,
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Changed the client Changing the fol
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if (!(proto = getprotobyname("raw")
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ICMP Source Quench Error Since UDP
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No error control Since UDP has no e
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BOOTP continued When a request is s
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DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Pr
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• Message - used by a server to p
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DHCP’s importance • allows reus
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Example of dhcpd.conf ### Managed b
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Trivial File Transfer Procotol (TFT
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Mapping names to IP addresses Host
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Zones A zone is a subtree of the DN
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(see Stevens, Vol. 1, figure 14.2,
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Domain registrars Internet Corporat
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Resource Records (RR) See Stevens,
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Network names Conventions: • it.k
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Example: $ORIGIN it.kth.se. @ 1D IN
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How to give your host a name? Host
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Configuring DNS • Configuring the
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Load leveling [1] For example, f.ro
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Where is f.root-servers.net ? trace
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Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) R
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Attacks upon DNS • Denial of serv
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DNS performance - top 100 From www.
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Web performance - continued Using P
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Transport layer protocols • User
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Applications which use TCP Lots of
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TCP header continued Reliability is
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time client SYN, seq=x SYN, seq=y,
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client active close ACKs from clien
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Maximum Segment Size • The Maximu
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Window size Increasing window size
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Silly Window Syndrome If receiver a
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Disabling the Nagle Algorithm But s
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Resulting bulk data flow Every segm
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Congestion Avoidance So far we have
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Slow start In 1989, Van Jacobson in
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Round-Trip Time Measurement Fundame
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Congestion Avoidance Algorithm Slow
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Per-Route Metrics Newer TCPs keeps
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TCP Keepalive Timer No data flows a
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Long Fat Pipes Networks with large
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Example of TCP behavior 1 1. Figure
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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HTTP Requests request-line == reque
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HTTP Response Codes HTTP 3-digit re
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Server Redirect Response code 302,
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Decrease in total time to produce a
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HTTP Statistics Statistics for indi
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HTTP Performance Problems HTTP open
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Web Enabled Devices emWare - thin c
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Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Two ver
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External Data Representation (XDR)
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NFSspy Insert a new pointer in plac
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nfsspy Initial implementations were
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Often there are multiple NFS client
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NFS Mount protocol Server can check
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NFS over TCP Provided by some vendo
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X Window System • Client-server a
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X was optimized for use across LANs
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Additional tools for watching TCP P
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Transaction TCP (T/TCP) Piggyback a
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References [1] Information Sciences
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Transport layer protocols • User
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SCTP Applications • Initial goal
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• Type SCTP Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23
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INIT Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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INIT ACK Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
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COOKIE ECHO Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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Data Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Ch
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Association Termination Two forms o
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0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Type = 14 Flag
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ethereal capture - daytime - INIT F
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ethereal capture - daytime - COOKIE
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ethereal capture - daytime - DATA F
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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HEARTBEAT and HEARTBEAT ACK Chunks
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Differences from TCP Congestion Con
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3 When retransmitting to a remote a
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Forward Cumulative TSN Allows an en
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SCTP Performance See the upcoming e
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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2002 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc330
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• Dynamic Routing Protocols Outli
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Routing Principles • Routing Mech
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Processing Rouing daemon route comm
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Autonomous systems (ASs) - RFC1930
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Routing Algorithms • Static vs. D
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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When are routes sent? Solicited res
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Count to Infinity C network 1 netwo
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Triggered updates and Hold-Downs To
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Why would anyone use RIP? After all
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IGRP Metrics • a vector of metric
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IGRP Default Gateway Rather than us
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) OSP
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OSPF building blocks 1. Hello proto
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Hello packet 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 V
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Link State Announcement (LSA) heade
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Link state update packet 0 7 8 15 1
Page 463 and 464: Link state acknowledgement packet 0
Page 465 and 466: Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) an
Page 467 and 468: Local vs. Transit traffic Local tra
Page 469 and 470: BGP does not transmit metrics. Howe
Page 471 and 472: Redistribution of Route Information
Page 473 and 474: • Open • Update • Keepalive
Page 475 and 476: BGP Update Message 0 7 8 15 16 23 2
Page 477 and 478: BGP Notification Message 0 7 8 15 1
Page 479 and 480: Federal Internet eXchange (FIX) A t
Page 481 and 482: Global Internet eXchange (GIX) Glob
Page 483 and 484: Network Access Points (NAPs) At the
Page 485 and 486: Router Arbiter Project Router Arbit
Page 487 and 488: Euro6IX The European IPv6 Internet
Page 489 and 490: Flows A flow is defined as a “uni
Page 491 and 492: A Tag Edge router labels a packet b
Page 493 and 494: Creating tags Since tag switching d
Page 495 and 496: Summary This lecture we have discus
Page 497 and 498: [14] R. Hinden (Editor), “Applica
Page 499 and 500: • Multicast • IGMP • RSVP Out
Page 501 and 502: Broadcast and Multicast Traditional
Page 503 and 504: Broadcasting • Limited Broadcast
Page 505 and 506: Alternative centralized model CU-Se
Page 507 and 508: IP Multicast scales well • End-no
Page 509 and 510: Steve Deering’s Multicast Dynamic
Page 511 and 512: Multicasting IP addresses Multicast
Page 513: Converting Multicast Group to Ether
Page 517 and 518: How does IGMP fit into the protocol
Page 519 and 520: IGMP Implementation Details In orde
Page 521 and 522: IGMP Version 2 [3] Allows a host to
Page 523 and 524: IGMP - ethereal Figure 7: IGMP pack
Page 525 and 526: Frame 2: IGMP v2 Membership Report
Page 527 and 528: Frame 15: IGMP v2 Leave Group Ether
Page 529 and 530: Therefore a Multicast Router • Li
Page 531 and 532: Multicast Routing - Flooding • ma
Page 533 and 534: Multicast Routing - Spanning Trees
Page 535 and 536: Reverse -Path Forwarding (RPF) RPF
Page 537 and 538: Reverse Path Broadcast (RPB) • We
Page 539 and 540: Distance-Vector Multicast Routing P
Page 541 and 542: Core-Based Trees (CBT) A fixed poin
Page 543 and 544: Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) [10] Exten
Page 545 and 546: Telesys class was multicast over MB
Page 547 and 548: MBONE Chronology Nov. 1988 Small gr
Page 549 and 550: For the some statistics see: http:/
Page 551 and 552: mrouted mrouted UNIX deamon tunneli
Page 553 and 554: GLOP addressing Traditionally multi
Page 555 and 556: Other multicast efforts PGM: Pragma
Page 557 and 558: SNMP-based tools and multicast rela
Page 559 and 560: SNMP tools for working with multica
Page 561 and 562: RSVP: Resource Reservation Setup Pr
Page 563 and 564: Resource Reservation • Interarriv
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Capacity Assignment • end-nodes a
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RSVP Soft State • “soft state
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RSVP operations (continued) • At
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Argument against Reservation Given,
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[13] B. Fenner and D. Meyer (Editor
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• Network Management • SNMP •
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Network Management Process Network
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Version 1 SNMP Version 2 - in 1992-
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SNMP • SNMPv1 • only 5 commands
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Case Diagram To understand the rela
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Remote MONitoring (RMON) [ RMON MIB
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RMON1 Statistics Information collec
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EtherStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ethe
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HostEntry ::= SEQUENCE { HostEntry
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The Matrix Group Matrix group consi
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Information collected from network
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Network Management Systems • HP O
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• Web based Interfaced Management
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DMI 2.0 has three groups: • Compo
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Common Information Model (CIM) •
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Inter-domain Management task force
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Applications • E-mail • E-mail
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Deregulation ⇒ New regulations
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Latency 1 Usability FAX relay/broad
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Voice Gateway 2B+D or 30B+D or …
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Fax Support Both store-and-forward
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Cisco Voice Over IP Enables Cisco 3
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2,400/4,800/7,200/9,600/14,400 bps
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“The wireless workplace will soon
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Carriers offering VOIP “Equant, a
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Economics "Can Carriers Make Money
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Patents Mixing voice and data in th
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Deregulation ⇒ Trends • replaci
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RTP: Real-Time Transport Protocol D
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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol SI
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SIP Invite 1 INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.
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SIP Methods Method Invite Bye Optio
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ENUM IETF’s E.164 Number Mapping
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Web Services Using protocols built
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Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
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• Wireless computers • supporti
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Device Control • Control everyday
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IPv6 header format version 4 bits C
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Simplifications IPv6 builds on 20 y
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Payload length Payload length is th
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Extension headers • Each header i
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Writing an IPv6 address The 128 bit
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Binary prefix Hex. prefix Fraction
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Interface ID Must be unique to the
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Link local addresses Link local add
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Permanently assigned groups For exa
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Prefix for IPv6 documentation The I
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IPv6 Routing • all standard routi
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Fragment header Next Header (8 bits
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intermediate relays on the way to t
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Security • Header Authentication
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IPv6 ICMP [13] Type (8 bits) Code (
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IPv6 ICMP Echo Request/Reply (PING)
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Summary of IPv6 ICMP • incorporat
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IPv6 Transition Mechanisms • Incr
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IPv6 networks 6Bone - http://www.6b
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If things are to be connected they
Page 695 and 696:
Where are ISPs? “… There is evi
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
[13] A. Conta and S. Deering, “In
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Page 703 and 704:
Emerging Network Architecture H …
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Updating after a move Host name:
Page 707 and 708:
Communication from Z to X γ Z C X
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Identification γ Z C Y B α γ Z C
Page 711 and 712:
How did it know to send the “I am
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Getting Service Once it’s identit
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Alternative 1 Initially X is locate
Page 717 and 718:
Alternative 3 Initially X is locate
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Alternative 4 continued Initially X
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What happens in the case of wireles
Page 723 and 724:
Wireless WANs BS-a cell a BS-a cell
Page 725 and 726:
Mobile IP Standardization Effort
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A Mobile-IP(V6) Scenario Home Agent
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Tunneling IP Datagrams Both home ag
Page 731 and 732:
Why Agent Discovery? Agent Discover
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Registration Message Format 0 8 16
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FA Requirements (v4) • Each FA mu
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Optimization Problem Home site Inte
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Mobile IP Problems and Development
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Wireless IP Network Architecture Ho
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HAWAII extension is similar to Cell
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Private networks Private Networks a
Page 755 and 756:
Security Protocols, APIs, etc. •
Page 757 and 758:
IPSec IPSec in three parts: • enc
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AH header For authentication purpos
Page 761 and 762:
Where can you run IPSec? Mode Where
Page 763 and 764:
Linux firewall For example, for the
Page 765 and 766:
Proxy Access Through A Firewall ext
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Newping http://ftp.cerias.purdue.ed
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Secure Mailer (aka Postfix) Wietse
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• TCP Wrappers - allows monitorin
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Network Address Translation exterio
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Network Security Exercises You will
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Page 779 and 780:
[13] Swedish Defense Material Admin
Page 781 and 782:
Page 783 and 784:
Generations of technology versus ge
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Dissemination not conversation On s
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Are interplanetary and intergalacti
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
Page 791 and 792:
Visualizing these laws 100 25000 80
Page 793 and 794:
Exponential growth As Ray Kurzweil
Page 795 and 796:
Is this only true for books? Chris
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Too cheap to meter "It is not too m
Page 799 and 800:
What Would Google Do? Jeff Jarvis
Page 801 and 802:
Service Differentiation Integrated
Page 803 and 804:
Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Ad
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PC interfaces Standard I/O ports of
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IP Storage Area Networks (SANs) Usi
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• Internet SCSI (iSCSI) JBOD == J
Page 811 and 812:
“Beowulf-class” machines Using
Page 813 and 814:
Internet2 http://www.internet2.org/
Page 815 and 816:
Speed through Silicon FPGAs used in
Page 817 and 818:
Active Networks • Network nodes c
Page 819 and 820:
Smart Networks with Sensors (Ren an
Page 821 and 822:
Future of the Internet An important
Page 823 and 824:
Clean slate re-design of the Intern
Page 825 and 826:
Is an hourglass the right model? Ru
Page 827 and 828:
Wikinomics Don Tapscott and Anthony
Page 829 and 830:
Resource pooling examples Resource
Page 831 and 832:
What kinds of things might be inter
Page 833 and 834:
Vehicle Area Networks (VANs) Contro
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• Vehicle maintenance: diagnostic
Page 837 and 838:
Buildings Heating, Ventilation, and
Page 839 and 840:
Infrastructure • Is their ice on
Page 841 and 842:
Is saying “Internet of xxx” mis
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• Server and Network Bandwidth an
Page 845 and 846:
Evolution of new varieties of netwo
Page 847 and 848:
How do I know where I am? Location
Page 849 and 850:
Requirements • Systems with which
Page 851 and 852:
Badge Communications Model Badges a
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Smart Badge Sensors Details of the
Page 855 and 856:
A view of the packaged badge As sho
Page 857 and 858:
Split the functions between access
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Personal Computing and Communicatio
Page 861 and 862:
Future Systems Audio I/O GPS source
Page 863 and 864:
Non-metalic bi-directional neural i
Page 865 and 866:
Spotting trends at 1% Mark J. Penn
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Further Reading [1] Kalevi Kilkki,
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[23] Darwin Valderas Núñez, “In
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Thanks Best wishes on your written
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Internets - configuration 1 Figure
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Adding a firewall and router Intern
Page 877 and 878:
Adding a WiMAX link Internets - con
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Adding two-way multimedia Configura
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