Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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Multicast Backbone (MBONE) Expanding multicasting across WANs World-wide, IP-based, real-time conferencing over the Internet (via the MBONE) in daily use for several years with more than 20,000 users in more than 1,500 networks in events carrier to 30 countries. For a nice paper examining multicast traffic see: “Measurements and Observations of IP Multicast Traffic” by Bruce A. Mah , The Tenet Group, University of California at Berkeley, and International Computer Science Institute, CSD-94-858, 1994,12 pages: http://www.kitchenlab.org/www/bmah/Papers/Ipmcast-TechReport.pdf/ Maguire Multicast Backbone (MBONE) 8: 9 of 78 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
IP Multicast scales well • End-nodes know nothing about topology • Dynamically changes of topology possible, hosts join and leave as they wish • Routers know nothing about “conversations” • changes can be done without global coordination • no end-to-end state to move around Participants view of Multicast Multicast Server Figure 3: MBONE behaves as if there were a multicast server, but this functionality is distributed not centralized. Maguire IP Multicast scales well 8: 10 of 78 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
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IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
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Internetworking....................
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Virtual Interface (VIF)............
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Module 2: IP Basics: Routing, ARP,
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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ICMP Redirect .....................
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Building a UDP packet from scratch
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Module 5: TCP, HTTP, RPC, NFS, X...
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Problems with multiple connections.
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Module 6: SCTP ....................
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Module 7: Dynamic Routing .........
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BGP Open Message ..................
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IGMP Implementation Details........
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Capacity Assignment ...............
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Network Management Systems ........
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Module 10: IPv6 ...................
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Why IPv6? .........................
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Wireless WANs . . . . . . . . . . .
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Module 12: IPSec, VPNs, Firewalls,
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Module 13: Future and Summary......
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Peer to peer networking ...........
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Module 14: Some exercises..........
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Welcome to the Internetworking cour
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Goals, Scope and Method Goals of th
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Learning Outcomes Following this co
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Prerequisites • Datorkommunikatio
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Topics • What an internet is and
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Grades: A..F (ECTS grades) • To g
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Written Assignment Goal: to gain an
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Literature The course will mainly b
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Lecture Plan Subject to revision!
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Context of the module Communication
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How can we deal with all of these d
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Basic concepts open-architecture ne
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Internetworked Architecture H … M
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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IP traffic growing exponentially! T
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Growth rates Some people think the
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Increasing Data Rates “Ethernet
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The Internet Today Local … Local
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Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
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Encapsulation Appl header user data
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• Transport layer • Port number
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IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700)
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Decimal Keyword Protocol References
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Basic communication mechanism: data
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Common Used Simple Services Name TC
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Simple Campus Network WAN ISP’s r
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How important are switches vs. rout
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Ethernet Encapsulation (RFC 894) DS
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IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest “…
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SLIP Problems ⇒CSLIP ≡ Compress
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PPP: Point to Point Protocol PPP (R
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PPP summary • support for multipl
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Loopback interface summary • loop
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Using VIF for tunneling TCP UDP ...
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Figure 16: Start the program, then
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Figure 18: After capturing some pac
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Figure 19: Export the captured traf
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Importing in to a Microsoft Excel 1
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Figure 22: Final step -- Note that
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Using a Perl script #!/usr/bin/perl
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Choosing which columns to display F
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Figure 26: Save your parameters and
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Classful addressing Classically the
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Special Case IP Addresses IP Addres
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CID
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IP address assignments Internet Ser
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Problems with the dual functions of
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Standardization Organizations The m
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W. Richard Stevens • Born in Luan
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[12] Van Jacobson, "If a Clean Slat
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IP Basics Outline • IP Routing: D
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Routing The internet protocols are
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Forwarding • Next-Hop method - ro
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Forwarding module A simplified view
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Fast forwarding Mikael Degermark, A
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where ddd is some numeric value. Ro
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Host routing A host either: • kno
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Combining layers Many devices now c
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What to do with a new computer? We
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ARP ≡ Address Resolution Protocol
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Address Resolution Cache Since you
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ARP example 2 B FTPd C resolver (1)
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Gratuitous ARP Host sends a request
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ARP - as seen with ethereal Time So
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RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Pr
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RARP server Someone has to know the
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Novel IPX/SPX Addresses Another app
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tcpdump Under HP-UX 11.0 # ./tcpdum
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Tools Used: tcpdump Program tcpdump
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Maguire Wireshark (formerly Etherea
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Tools Used: sock Program • A simp
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#include #include #include #incl
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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Interarrival delay and variance Fig
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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[10] Gianluca Insolvibile, “The L
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• IP • ICMP • Useful Diagnost
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checksum, and options fields. Magui
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MTU½≡Maximum Transmission Unit M
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Fields relevant to Fragmentation
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Serial line throughput At 9,000 bit
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7 {ECN Capable Transport (ECT) and
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Precedence Precedence values are de
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Precendence and telephony systems S
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TTL field Time To Live (TTL) (8 bit
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IPv4 Options • IPv4 options were
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Categories of IP Options • Single
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ICMP Port Unreachable Error Example
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PING: Packet InterNet Groper or son
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On a HP-UX 11.0 machine: ping -ov w
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Useful Tool: Traceroute Programs De
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This lecture we have discussed: •
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Transport layer protocols The trans
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Da
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UDP Checksum and Pseudo-Header •
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Port numbers in three groups Range
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Fragmentation Required If datagram
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• on a BSDI system: • each of t
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With an even larger UDP packet I re
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Datagram truncation What if the app
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Learning about Socket programming F
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UDP server design Stevens, Vol, 1,
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Changed the client Changing the fol
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if (!(proto = getprotobyname("raw")
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ICMP Source Quench Error Since UDP
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No error control Since UDP has no e
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BOOTP continued When a request is s
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DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Pr
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• Message - used by a server to p
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DHCP’s importance • allows reus
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Example of dhcpd.conf ### Managed b
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Trivial File Transfer Procotol (TFT
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Mapping names to IP addresses Host
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Zones A zone is a subtree of the DN
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(see Stevens, Vol. 1, figure 14.2,
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Domain registrars Internet Corporat
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Resource Records (RR) See Stevens,
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Network names Conventions: • it.k
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Example: $ORIGIN it.kth.se. @ 1D IN
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How to give your host a name? Host
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Configuring DNS • Configuring the
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Load leveling [1] For example, f.ro
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Where is f.root-servers.net ? trace
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Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) R
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Attacks upon DNS • Denial of serv
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DNS performance - top 100 From www.
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Web performance - continued Using P
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Transport layer protocols • User
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Applications which use TCP Lots of
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TCP header continued Reliability is
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time client SYN, seq=x SYN, seq=y,
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client active close ACKs from clien
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Maximum Segment Size • The Maximu
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Window size Increasing window size
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Silly Window Syndrome If receiver a
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Disabling the Nagle Algorithm But s
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Resulting bulk data flow Every segm
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Congestion Avoidance So far we have
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Slow start In 1989, Van Jacobson in
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Round-Trip Time Measurement Fundame
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Congestion Avoidance Algorithm Slow
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Per-Route Metrics Newer TCPs keeps
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TCP Keepalive Timer No data flows a
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Long Fat Pipes Networks with large
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Example of TCP behavior 1 1. Figure
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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HTTP Requests request-line == reque
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HTTP Response Codes HTTP 3-digit re
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Server Redirect Response code 302,
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Decrease in total time to produce a
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HTTP Statistics Statistics for indi
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HTTP Performance Problems HTTP open
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Web Enabled Devices emWare - thin c
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Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Two ver
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External Data Representation (XDR)
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NFSspy Insert a new pointer in plac
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nfsspy Initial implementations were
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Often there are multiple NFS client
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NFS Mount protocol Server can check
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NFS over TCP Provided by some vendo
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X Window System • Client-server a
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X was optimized for use across LANs
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Additional tools for watching TCP P
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Transaction TCP (T/TCP) Piggyback a
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References [1] Information Sciences
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Transport layer protocols • User
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SCTP Applications • Initial goal
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• Type SCTP Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23
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INIT Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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INIT ACK Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
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COOKIE ECHO Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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Data Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Ch
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Association Termination Two forms o
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0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Type = 14 Flag
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ethereal capture - daytime - INIT F
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ethereal capture - daytime - COOKIE
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ethereal capture - daytime - DATA F
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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HEARTBEAT and HEARTBEAT ACK Chunks
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Differences from TCP Congestion Con
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3 When retransmitting to a remote a
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Forward Cumulative TSN Allows an en
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SCTP Performance See the upcoming e
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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2002 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc330
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• Dynamic Routing Protocols Outli
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Routing Principles • Routing Mech
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Processing Rouing daemon route comm
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Autonomous systems (ASs) - RFC1930
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Routing Algorithms • Static vs. D
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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When are routes sent? Solicited res
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Count to Infinity C network 1 netwo
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Triggered updates and Hold-Downs To
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Why would anyone use RIP? After all
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IGRP Metrics • a vector of metric
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IGRP Default Gateway Rather than us
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) OSP
Page 455 and 456: OSPF building blocks 1. Hello proto
Page 457 and 458: Hello packet 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 V
Page 459 and 460: Link State Announcement (LSA) heade
Page 461 and 462: Link state update packet 0 7 8 15 1
Page 463 and 464: Link state acknowledgement packet 0
Page 465 and 466: Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) an
Page 467 and 468: Local vs. Transit traffic Local tra
Page 469 and 470: BGP does not transmit metrics. Howe
Page 471 and 472: Redistribution of Route Information
Page 473 and 474: • Open • Update • Keepalive
Page 475 and 476: BGP Update Message 0 7 8 15 16 23 2
Page 477 and 478: BGP Notification Message 0 7 8 15 1
Page 479 and 480: Federal Internet eXchange (FIX) A t
Page 481 and 482: Global Internet eXchange (GIX) Glob
Page 483 and 484: Network Access Points (NAPs) At the
Page 485 and 486: Router Arbiter Project Router Arbit
Page 487 and 488: Euro6IX The European IPv6 Internet
Page 489 and 490: Flows A flow is defined as a “uni
Page 491 and 492: A Tag Edge router labels a packet b
Page 493 and 494: Creating tags Since tag switching d
Page 495 and 496: Summary This lecture we have discus
Page 497 and 498: [14] R. Hinden (Editor), “Applica
Page 499 and 500: • Multicast • IGMP • RSVP Out
Page 501 and 502: Broadcast and Multicast Traditional
Page 503 and 504: Broadcasting • Limited Broadcast
Page 505: Alternative centralized model CU-Se
Page 509 and 510: Steve Deering’s Multicast Dynamic
Page 511 and 512: Multicasting IP addresses Multicast
Page 513 and 514: Converting Multicast Group to Ether
Page 515 and 516: Problems Unfortunately many links d
Page 517 and 518: How does IGMP fit into the protocol
Page 519 and 520: IGMP Implementation Details In orde
Page 521 and 522: IGMP Version 2 [3] Allows a host to
Page 523 and 524: IGMP - ethereal Figure 7: IGMP pack
Page 525 and 526: Frame 2: IGMP v2 Membership Report
Page 527 and 528: Frame 15: IGMP v2 Leave Group Ether
Page 529 and 530: Therefore a Multicast Router • Li
Page 531 and 532: Multicast Routing - Flooding • ma
Page 533 and 534: Multicast Routing - Spanning Trees
Page 535 and 536: Reverse -Path Forwarding (RPF) RPF
Page 537 and 538: Reverse Path Broadcast (RPB) • We
Page 539 and 540: Distance-Vector Multicast Routing P
Page 541 and 542: Core-Based Trees (CBT) A fixed poin
Page 543 and 544: Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) [10] Exten
Page 545 and 546: Telesys class was multicast over MB
Page 547 and 548: MBONE Chronology Nov. 1988 Small gr
Page 549 and 550: For the some statistics see: http:/
Page 551 and 552: mrouted mrouted UNIX deamon tunneli
Page 553 and 554: GLOP addressing Traditionally multi
Page 555 and 556: Other multicast efforts PGM: Pragma
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SNMP-based tools and multicast rela
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SNMP tools for working with multica
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RSVP: Resource Reservation Setup Pr
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Resource Reservation • Interarriv
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Capacity Assignment • end-nodes a
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RSVP Soft State • “soft state
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RSVP operations (continued) • At
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Argument against Reservation Given,
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[13] B. Fenner and D. Meyer (Editor
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• Network Management • SNMP •
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Network Management Process Network
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Version 1 SNMP Version 2 - in 1992-
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SNMP • SNMPv1 • only 5 commands
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Case Diagram To understand the rela
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Remote MONitoring (RMON) [ RMON MIB
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RMON1 Statistics Information collec
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EtherStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ethe
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HostEntry ::= SEQUENCE { HostEntry
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The Matrix Group Matrix group consi
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Information collected from network
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Network Management Systems • HP O
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• Web based Interfaced Management
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DMI 2.0 has three groups: • Compo
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Common Information Model (CIM) •
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Inter-domain Management task force
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Applications • E-mail • E-mail
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Deregulation ⇒ New regulations
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Latency 1 Usability FAX relay/broad
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Voice Gateway 2B+D or 30B+D or …
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Fax Support Both store-and-forward
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Cisco Voice Over IP Enables Cisco 3
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2,400/4,800/7,200/9,600/14,400 bps
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“The wireless workplace will soon
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Carriers offering VOIP “Equant, a
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Economics "Can Carriers Make Money
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Patents Mixing voice and data in th
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Deregulation ⇒ Trends • replaci
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RTP: Real-Time Transport Protocol D
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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol SI
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SIP Invite 1 INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.
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SIP Methods Method Invite Bye Optio
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ENUM IETF’s E.164 Number Mapping
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Web Services Using protocols built
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Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
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• Wireless computers • supporti
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Device Control • Control everyday
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IPv6 header format version 4 bits C
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Simplifications IPv6 builds on 20 y
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Payload length Payload length is th
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Extension headers • Each header i
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Writing an IPv6 address The 128 bit
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Binary prefix Hex. prefix Fraction
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Interface ID Must be unique to the
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Link local addresses Link local add
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Permanently assigned groups For exa
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Prefix for IPv6 documentation The I
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IPv6 Routing • all standard routi
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Fragment header Next Header (8 bits
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intermediate relays on the way to t
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Security • Header Authentication
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IPv6 ICMP [13] Type (8 bits) Code (
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IPv6 ICMP Echo Request/Reply (PING)
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Summary of IPv6 ICMP • incorporat
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IPv6 Transition Mechanisms • Incr
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IPv6 networks 6Bone - http://www.6b
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If things are to be connected they
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Where are ISPs? “… There is evi
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Page 699 and 700:
[13] A. Conta and S. Deering, “In
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Page 703 and 704:
Emerging Network Architecture H …
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Updating after a move Host name:
Page 707 and 708:
Communication from Z to X γ Z C X
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Identification γ Z C Y B α γ Z C
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How did it know to send the “I am
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Getting Service Once it’s identit
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Alternative 1 Initially X is locate
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Alternative 3 Initially X is locate
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Alternative 4 continued Initially X
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What happens in the case of wireles
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Wireless WANs BS-a cell a BS-a cell
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Mobile IP Standardization Effort
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A Mobile-IP(V6) Scenario Home Agent
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Tunneling IP Datagrams Both home ag
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Why Agent Discovery? Agent Discover
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Registration Message Format 0 8 16
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FA Requirements (v4) • Each FA mu
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Optimization Problem Home site Inte
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Mobile IP Problems and Development
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Wireless IP Network Architecture Ho
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HAWAII extension is similar to Cell
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Page 751 and 752:
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Private networks Private Networks a
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Security Protocols, APIs, etc. •
Page 757 and 758:
IPSec IPSec in three parts: • enc
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AH header For authentication purpos
Page 761 and 762:
Where can you run IPSec? Mode Where
Page 763 and 764:
Linux firewall For example, for the
Page 765 and 766:
Proxy Access Through A Firewall ext
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Newping http://ftp.cerias.purdue.ed
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Secure Mailer (aka Postfix) Wietse
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• TCP Wrappers - allows monitorin
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Network Address Translation exterio
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Network Security Exercises You will
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Page 779 and 780:
[13] Swedish Defense Material Admin
Page 781 and 782:
Page 783 and 784:
Generations of technology versus ge
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Dissemination not conversation On s
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Are interplanetary and intergalacti
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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Visualizing these laws 100 25000 80
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Exponential growth As Ray Kurzweil
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Is this only true for books? Chris
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Too cheap to meter "It is not too m
Page 799 and 800:
What Would Google Do? Jeff Jarvis
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Service Differentiation Integrated
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Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Ad
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PC interfaces Standard I/O ports of
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IP Storage Area Networks (SANs) Usi
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• Internet SCSI (iSCSI) JBOD == J
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“Beowulf-class” machines Using
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Internet2 http://www.internet2.org/
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Speed through Silicon FPGAs used in
Page 817 and 818:
Active Networks • Network nodes c
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Smart Networks with Sensors (Ren an
Page 821 and 822:
Future of the Internet An important
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Clean slate re-design of the Intern
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Is an hourglass the right model? Ru
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Wikinomics Don Tapscott and Anthony
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Resource pooling examples Resource
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What kinds of things might be inter
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Vehicle Area Networks (VANs) Contro
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• Vehicle maintenance: diagnostic
Page 837 and 838:
Buildings Heating, Ventilation, and
Page 839 and 840:
Infrastructure • Is their ice on
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Is saying “Internet of xxx” mis
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• Server and Network Bandwidth an
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Evolution of new varieties of netwo
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How do I know where I am? Location
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Requirements • Systems with which
Page 851 and 852:
Badge Communications Model Badges a
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Smart Badge Sensors Details of the
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A view of the packaged badge As sho
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Split the functions between access
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Personal Computing and Communicatio
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Future Systems Audio I/O GPS source
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Non-metalic bi-directional neural i
Page 865 and 866:
Spotting trends at 1% Mark J. Penn
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Further Reading [1] Kalevi Kilkki,
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[23] Darwin Valderas Núñez, “In
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Thanks Best wishes on your written
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Internets - configuration 1 Figure
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Adding a firewall and router Intern
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Adding a WiMAX link Internets - con
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Adding two-way multimedia Configura
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