Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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Congestion Control We introduce a Congestion Window • Thus the sender’s window size will be determined both by the receiver and in reaction to congestion in the network Sender maintains 2 window sizes: • Receiver-advertised window (rwnd) • advertised window is flow control imposed by receiver • Congestion window (CWND) • congestion window is flow control imposed by sender Actual window size = min(rwnd, CWND) To deal with congestion, sender uses several strategies: • Slow start • Additive increase of CWND • Multiplicative decrease of CWND Maguire TCP header continued 5: 24 of 77 maguire@kth.se <strong>2010</strong>.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
Slow start In 1989, Van Jacobson introduced slow start based on his analysis of actual traffic and the application of control theory. All TCP implementations are now required to support slow start. • the rate at which new packets should be injected into the network is the rate at which acknowledgements are returned Maguire TCP header continued 5: 25 of 77 maguire@kth.se <strong>2010</strong>.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
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IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
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Internetworking....................
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Virtual Interface (VIF)............
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Module 2: IP Basics: Routing, ARP,
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
Page 11 and 12:
ICMP Redirect .....................
Page 13 and 14:
Building a UDP packet from scratch
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Module 5: TCP, HTTP, RPC, NFS, X...
Page 17 and 18:
Problems with multiple connections.
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Module 6: SCTP ....................
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Module 7: Dynamic Routing .........
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BGP Open Message ..................
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IGMP Implementation Details........
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Capacity Assignment ...............
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Network Management Systems ........
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Module 10: IPv6 ...................
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Why IPv6? .........................
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Wireless WANs . . . . . . . . . . .
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Module 12: IPSec, VPNs, Firewalls,
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Module 13: Future and Summary......
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Peer to peer networking ...........
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Module 14: Some exercises..........
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Welcome to the Internetworking cour
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Goals, Scope and Method Goals of th
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Learning Outcomes Following this co
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Prerequisites • Datorkommunikatio
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Topics • What an internet is and
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Grades: A..F (ECTS grades) • To g
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Written Assignment Goal: to gain an
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Literature The course will mainly b
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Lecture Plan Subject to revision!
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Context of the module Communication
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How can we deal with all of these d
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Basic concepts open-architecture ne
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Internetworked Architecture H … M
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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IP traffic growing exponentially! T
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Growth rates Some people think the
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Increasing Data Rates “Ethernet
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The Internet Today Local … Local
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Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
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Encapsulation Appl header user data
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• Transport layer • Port number
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IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700)
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Decimal Keyword Protocol References
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Basic communication mechanism: data
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Common Used Simple Services Name TC
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Simple Campus Network WAN ISP’s r
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How important are switches vs. rout
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Ethernet Encapsulation (RFC 894) DS
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IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest “…
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SLIP Problems ⇒CSLIP ≡ Compress
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PPP: Point to Point Protocol PPP (R
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PPP summary • support for multipl
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Loopback interface summary • loop
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Using VIF for tunneling TCP UDP ...
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Figure 16: Start the program, then
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Figure 18: After capturing some pac
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Figure 19: Export the captured traf
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Importing in to a Microsoft Excel 1
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Figure 22: Final step -- Note that
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Using a Perl script #!/usr/bin/perl
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Choosing which columns to display F
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Figure 26: Save your parameters and
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Classful addressing Classically the
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Special Case IP Addresses IP Addres
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CID
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IP address assignments Internet Ser
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Problems with the dual functions of
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Standardization Organizations The m
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W. Richard Stevens • Born in Luan
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[12] Van Jacobson, "If a Clean Slat
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IP Basics Outline • IP Routing: D
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Routing The internet protocols are
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Forwarding • Next-Hop method - ro
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Forwarding module A simplified view
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Fast forwarding Mikael Degermark, A
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where ddd is some numeric value. Ro
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Host routing A host either: • kno
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Combining layers Many devices now c
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What to do with a new computer? We
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ARP ≡ Address Resolution Protocol
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Address Resolution Cache Since you
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ARP example 2 B FTPd C resolver (1)
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Gratuitous ARP Host sends a request
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ARP - as seen with ethereal Time So
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RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Pr
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RARP server Someone has to know the
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Novel IPX/SPX Addresses Another app
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tcpdump Under HP-UX 11.0 # ./tcpdum
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Tools Used: tcpdump Program tcpdump
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Maguire Wireshark (formerly Etherea
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Tools Used: sock Program • A simp
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#include #include #include #incl
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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Interarrival delay and variance Fig
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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[10] Gianluca Insolvibile, “The L
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• IP • ICMP • Useful Diagnost
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checksum, and options fields. Magui
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MTU½≡Maximum Transmission Unit M
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Fields relevant to Fragmentation
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Serial line throughput At 9,000 bit
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7 {ECN Capable Transport (ECT) and
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Precedence Precedence values are de
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Precendence and telephony systems S
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TTL field Time To Live (TTL) (8 bit
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IPv4 Options • IPv4 options were
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Categories of IP Options • Single
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ICMP Port Unreachable Error Example
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PING: Packet InterNet Groper or son
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On a HP-UX 11.0 machine: ping -ov w
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Useful Tool: Traceroute Programs De
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This lecture we have discussed: •
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Transport layer protocols The trans
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Da
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UDP Checksum and Pseudo-Header •
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Port numbers in three groups Range
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Fragmentation Required If datagram
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• on a BSDI system: • each of t
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With an even larger UDP packet I re
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Datagram truncation What if the app
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Learning about Socket programming F
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UDP server design Stevens, Vol, 1,
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Changed the client Changing the fol
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if (!(proto = getprotobyname("raw")
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ICMP Source Quench Error Since UDP
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No error control Since UDP has no e
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BOOTP continued When a request is s
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DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Pr
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• Message - used by a server to p
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DHCP’s importance • allows reus
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Example of dhcpd.conf ### Managed b
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Trivial File Transfer Procotol (TFT
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Mapping names to IP addresses Host
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Zones A zone is a subtree of the DN
Page 279 and 280: (see Stevens, Vol. 1, figure 14.2,
Page 281 and 282: Domain registrars Internet Corporat
Page 283 and 284: Resource Records (RR) See Stevens,
Page 285 and 286: Network names Conventions: • it.k
Page 287 and 288: Example: $ORIGIN it.kth.se. @ 1D IN
Page 289 and 290: How to give your host a name? Host
Page 291 and 292: Configuring DNS • Configuring the
Page 293 and 294: Load leveling [1] For example, f.ro
Page 295 and 296: Where is f.root-servers.net ? trace
Page 297 and 298: Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) R
Page 299 and 300: Attacks upon DNS • Denial of serv
Page 301 and 302: DNS performance - top 100 From www.
Page 303 and 304: Web performance - continued Using P
Page 305 and 306: This lecture we have discussed: •
Page 307 and 308: IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
Page 309 and 310: Transport layer protocols • User
Page 311 and 312: Applications which use TCP Lots of
Page 313 and 314: TCP header continued Reliability is
Page 315 and 316: time client SYN, seq=x SYN, seq=y,
Page 317 and 318: client active close ACKs from clien
Page 319 and 320: Maximum Segment Size • The Maximu
Page 321 and 322: Window size Increasing window size
Page 323 and 324: Silly Window Syndrome If receiver a
Page 325 and 326: Disabling the Nagle Algorithm But s
Page 327 and 328: Resulting bulk data flow Every segm
Page 329: Congestion Avoidance So far we have
Page 333 and 334: Round-Trip Time Measurement Fundame
Page 335 and 336: Congestion Avoidance Algorithm Slow
Page 337 and 338: Per-Route Metrics Newer TCPs keeps
Page 339 and 340: TCP Keepalive Timer No data flows a
Page 341 and 342: Long Fat Pipes Networks with large
Page 343 and 344: Example of TCP behavior 1 1. Figure
Page 345 and 346: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Page 347 and 348: HTTP Requests request-line == reque
Page 349 and 350: HTTP Response Codes HTTP 3-digit re
Page 351 and 352: Server Redirect Response code 302,
Page 353 and 354: Decrease in total time to produce a
Page 355 and 356: HTTP Statistics Statistics for indi
Page 357 and 358: HTTP Performance Problems HTTP open
Page 359 and 360: Web Enabled Devices emWare - thin c
Page 361 and 362: Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Two ver
Page 363 and 364: External Data Representation (XDR)
Page 365 and 366: NFSspy Insert a new pointer in plac
Page 367 and 368: nfsspy Initial implementations were
Page 369 and 370: Often there are multiple NFS client
Page 371 and 372: NFS Mount protocol Server can check
Page 373 and 374: NFS over TCP Provided by some vendo
Page 375 and 376: X Window System • Client-server a
Page 377 and 378: X was optimized for use across LANs
Page 379 and 380: Additional tools for watching TCP P
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Transaction TCP (T/TCP) Piggyback a
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References [1] Information Sciences
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Transport layer protocols • User
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SCTP Applications • Initial goal
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• Type SCTP Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23
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INIT Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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INIT ACK Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
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COOKIE ECHO Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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Data Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Ch
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Association Termination Two forms o
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0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Type = 14 Flag
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ethereal capture - daytime - INIT F
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ethereal capture - daytime - COOKIE
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ethereal capture - daytime - DATA F
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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HEARTBEAT and HEARTBEAT ACK Chunks
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Differences from TCP Congestion Con
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3 When retransmitting to a remote a
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Forward Cumulative TSN Allows an en
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SCTP Performance See the upcoming e
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2002 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc330
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• Dynamic Routing Protocols Outli
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Routing Principles • Routing Mech
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Processing Rouing daemon route comm
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Autonomous systems (ASs) - RFC1930
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Routing Algorithms • Static vs. D
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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When are routes sent? Solicited res
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Count to Infinity C network 1 netwo
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Triggered updates and Hold-Downs To
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Why would anyone use RIP? After all
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IGRP Metrics • a vector of metric
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IGRP Default Gateway Rather than us
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) OSP
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OSPF building blocks 1. Hello proto
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Hello packet 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 V
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Link State Announcement (LSA) heade
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Link state update packet 0 7 8 15 1
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Link state acknowledgement packet 0
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Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) an
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Local vs. Transit traffic Local tra
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BGP does not transmit metrics. Howe
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Redistribution of Route Information
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• Open • Update • Keepalive
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BGP Update Message 0 7 8 15 16 23 2
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BGP Notification Message 0 7 8 15 1
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Federal Internet eXchange (FIX) A t
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Global Internet eXchange (GIX) Glob
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Network Access Points (NAPs) At the
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Router Arbiter Project Router Arbit
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Euro6IX The European IPv6 Internet
Page 489 and 490:
Flows A flow is defined as a “uni
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A Tag Edge router labels a packet b
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Creating tags Since tag switching d
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[14] R. Hinden (Editor), “Applica
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• Multicast • IGMP • RSVP Out
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Broadcast and Multicast Traditional
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Broadcasting • Limited Broadcast
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Alternative centralized model CU-Se
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IP Multicast scales well • End-no
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Steve Deering’s Multicast Dynamic
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Multicasting IP addresses Multicast
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Converting Multicast Group to Ether
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Problems Unfortunately many links d
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How does IGMP fit into the protocol
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IGMP Implementation Details In orde
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IGMP Version 2 [3] Allows a host to
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IGMP - ethereal Figure 7: IGMP pack
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Frame 2: IGMP v2 Membership Report
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Frame 15: IGMP v2 Leave Group Ether
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Therefore a Multicast Router • Li
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Multicast Routing - Flooding • ma
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Multicast Routing - Spanning Trees
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Reverse -Path Forwarding (RPF) RPF
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Reverse Path Broadcast (RPB) • We
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Distance-Vector Multicast Routing P
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Core-Based Trees (CBT) A fixed poin
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Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) [10] Exten
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Telesys class was multicast over MB
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MBONE Chronology Nov. 1988 Small gr
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For the some statistics see: http:/
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mrouted mrouted UNIX deamon tunneli
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GLOP addressing Traditionally multi
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Other multicast efforts PGM: Pragma
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SNMP-based tools and multicast rela
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SNMP tools for working with multica
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RSVP: Resource Reservation Setup Pr
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Resource Reservation • Interarriv
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Capacity Assignment • end-nodes a
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RSVP Soft State • “soft state
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RSVP operations (continued) • At
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Argument against Reservation Given,
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Page 575 and 576:
[13] B. Fenner and D. Meyer (Editor
Page 577 and 578:
• Network Management • SNMP •
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Network Management Process Network
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Version 1 SNMP Version 2 - in 1992-
Page 583 and 584:
SNMP • SNMPv1 • only 5 commands
Page 585 and 586:
Case Diagram To understand the rela
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Remote MONitoring (RMON) [ RMON MIB
Page 589 and 590:
RMON1 Statistics Information collec
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EtherStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ethe
Page 593 and 594:
HostEntry ::= SEQUENCE { HostEntry
Page 595 and 596:
The Matrix Group Matrix group consi
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Information collected from network
Page 599 and 600:
Network Management Systems • HP O
Page 601 and 602:
• Web based Interfaced Management
Page 603 and 604:
DMI 2.0 has three groups: • Compo
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Common Information Model (CIM) •
Page 607 and 608:
Inter-domain Management task force
Page 609 and 610:
Applications • E-mail • E-mail
Page 611 and 612:
Deregulation ⇒ New regulations
Page 613 and 614:
Latency 1 Usability FAX relay/broad
Page 615 and 616:
Voice Gateway 2B+D or 30B+D or …
Page 617 and 618:
Fax Support Both store-and-forward
Page 619 and 620:
Cisco Voice Over IP Enables Cisco 3
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2,400/4,800/7,200/9,600/14,400 bps
Page 623 and 624:
“The wireless workplace will soon
Page 625 and 626:
Carriers offering VOIP “Equant, a
Page 627 and 628:
Economics "Can Carriers Make Money
Page 629 and 630:
Patents Mixing voice and data in th
Page 631 and 632:
Deregulation ⇒ Trends • replaci
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RTP: Real-Time Transport Protocol D
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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol SI
Page 637 and 638:
SIP Invite 1 INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.
Page 639 and 640:
SIP Methods Method Invite Bye Optio
Page 641 and 642:
ENUM IETF’s E.164 Number Mapping
Page 643 and 644:
Web Services Using protocols built
Page 645 and 646:
Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Page 651 and 652:
• Wireless computers • supporti
Page 653 and 654:
Device Control • Control everyday
Page 655 and 656:
IPv6 header format version 4 bits C
Page 657 and 658:
Simplifications IPv6 builds on 20 y
Page 659 and 660:
Payload length Payload length is th
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Extension headers • Each header i
Page 663 and 664:
Writing an IPv6 address The 128 bit
Page 665 and 666:
Binary prefix Hex. prefix Fraction
Page 667 and 668:
Interface ID Must be unique to the
Page 669 and 670:
Link local addresses Link local add
Page 671 and 672:
Permanently assigned groups For exa
Page 673 and 674:
Prefix for IPv6 documentation The I
Page 675 and 676:
IPv6 Routing • all standard routi
Page 677 and 678:
Fragment header Next Header (8 bits
Page 679 and 680:
intermediate relays on the way to t
Page 681 and 682:
Security • Header Authentication
Page 683 and 684:
IPv6 ICMP [13] Type (8 bits) Code (
Page 685 and 686:
IPv6 ICMP Echo Request/Reply (PING)
Page 687 and 688:
Summary of IPv6 ICMP • incorporat
Page 689 and 690:
IPv6 Transition Mechanisms • Incr
Page 691 and 692:
IPv6 networks 6Bone - http://www.6b
Page 693 and 694:
If things are to be connected they
Page 695 and 696:
Where are ISPs? “… There is evi
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
[13] A. Conta and S. Deering, “In
Page 701 and 702:
Page 703 and 704:
Emerging Network Architecture H …
Page 705 and 706:
Updating after a move Host name:
Page 707 and 708:
Communication from Z to X γ Z C X
Page 709 and 710:
Identification γ Z C Y B α γ Z C
Page 711 and 712:
How did it know to send the “I am
Page 713 and 714:
Getting Service Once it’s identit
Page 715 and 716:
Alternative 1 Initially X is locate
Page 717 and 718:
Alternative 3 Initially X is locate
Page 719 and 720:
Alternative 4 continued Initially X
Page 721 and 722:
What happens in the case of wireles
Page 723 and 724:
Wireless WANs BS-a cell a BS-a cell
Page 725 and 726:
Mobile IP Standardization Effort
Page 727 and 728:
A Mobile-IP(V6) Scenario Home Agent
Page 729 and 730:
Tunneling IP Datagrams Both home ag
Page 731 and 732:
Why Agent Discovery? Agent Discover
Page 733 and 734:
Registration Message Format 0 8 16
Page 735 and 736:
FA Requirements (v4) • Each FA mu
Page 737 and 738:
Optimization Problem Home site Inte
Page 739 and 740:
Mobile IP Problems and Development
Page 741 and 742:
Wireless IP Network Architecture Ho
Page 743 and 744:
HAWAII extension is similar to Cell
Page 745 and 746:
Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
Page 747 and 748:
Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
Page 749 and 750:
Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Private networks Private Networks a
Page 755 and 756:
Security Protocols, APIs, etc. •
Page 757 and 758:
IPSec IPSec in three parts: • enc
Page 759 and 760:
AH header For authentication purpos
Page 761 and 762:
Where can you run IPSec? Mode Where
Page 763 and 764:
Linux firewall For example, for the
Page 765 and 766:
Proxy Access Through A Firewall ext
Page 767 and 768:
Newping http://ftp.cerias.purdue.ed
Page 769 and 770:
Secure Mailer (aka Postfix) Wietse
Page 771 and 772:
• TCP Wrappers - allows monitorin
Page 773 and 774:
Network Address Translation exterio
Page 775 and 776:
Network Security Exercises You will
Page 777 and 778:
Page 779 and 780:
[13] Swedish Defense Material Admin
Page 781 and 782:
Page 783 and 784:
Generations of technology versus ge
Page 785 and 786:
Dissemination not conversation On s
Page 787 and 788:
Are interplanetary and intergalacti
Page 789 and 790:
Trends: Shifting from traditional t
Page 791 and 792:
Visualizing these laws 100 25000 80
Page 793 and 794:
Exponential growth As Ray Kurzweil
Page 795 and 796:
Is this only true for books? Chris
Page 797 and 798:
Too cheap to meter "It is not too m
Page 799 and 800:
What Would Google Do? Jeff Jarvis
Page 801 and 802:
Service Differentiation Integrated
Page 803 and 804:
Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Ad
Page 805 and 806:
PC interfaces Standard I/O ports of
Page 807 and 808:
IP Storage Area Networks (SANs) Usi
Page 809 and 810:
• Internet SCSI (iSCSI) JBOD == J
Page 811 and 812:
“Beowulf-class” machines Using
Page 813 and 814:
Internet2 http://www.internet2.org/
Page 815 and 816:
Speed through Silicon FPGAs used in
Page 817 and 818:
Active Networks • Network nodes c
Page 819 and 820:
Smart Networks with Sensors (Ren an
Page 821 and 822:
Future of the Internet An important
Page 823 and 824:
Clean slate re-design of the Intern
Page 825 and 826:
Is an hourglass the right model? Ru
Page 827 and 828:
Wikinomics Don Tapscott and Anthony
Page 829 and 830:
Resource pooling examples Resource
Page 831 and 832:
What kinds of things might be inter
Page 833 and 834:
Vehicle Area Networks (VANs) Contro
Page 835 and 836:
• Vehicle maintenance: diagnostic
Page 837 and 838:
Buildings Heating, Ventilation, and
Page 839 and 840:
Infrastructure • Is their ice on
Page 841 and 842:
Is saying “Internet of xxx” mis
Page 843 and 844:
• Server and Network Bandwidth an
Page 845 and 846:
Evolution of new varieties of netwo
Page 847 and 848:
How do I know where I am? Location
Page 849 and 850:
Requirements • Systems with which
Page 851 and 852:
Badge Communications Model Badges a
Page 853 and 854:
Smart Badge Sensors Details of the
Page 855 and 856:
A view of the packaged badge As sho
Page 857 and 858:
Split the functions between access
Page 859 and 860:
Personal Computing and Communicatio
Page 861 and 862:
Future Systems Audio I/O GPS source
Page 863 and 864:
Non-metalic bi-directional neural i
Page 865 and 866:
Spotting trends at 1% Mark J. Penn
Page 867 and 868:
Further Reading [1] Kalevi Kilkki,
Page 869 and 870:
[23] Darwin Valderas Núñez, “In
Page 871 and 872:
Thanks Best wishes on your written
Page 873 and 874:
Internets - configuration 1 Figure
Page 875 and 876:
Adding a firewall and router Intern
Page 877 and 878:
Adding a WiMAX link Internets - con
Page 879:
Adding two-way multimedia Configura
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