Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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Nagle Algorithm telnet/rlogin/... generate a packet (41 bytes) for each 1 byte of user data • these small packets are called “tinygrams” • not a problem on LANs • adds to the congestion on WANs Nagle Algorithm • each TCP connection can have only one outstanding (i.e., unacknowledged) small segment (i.e., a tinygram) • while waiting - additional data is accumulated and sent as one segment when the ACK arrives • self-clock: the faster ACKs come, the more often data is sent • thus automatically on slow WANs fewer segments are sent Round trip time on a typical ethernet is ~16ms (for a single byte to be sent, acknowledged, and echoed) - thus to generate data faster than this would require typing faster than 60 characters per second! Thus rarely will Nagle be invoked on a LAN. Maguire TCP header continued 5: 18 of 77 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
Disabling the Nagle Algorithm But sometimes we need to send a small message - without waiting (for example, handling a mouse event in the X Window System) - therefore we set: • TCP_NODELAY on the socket • Host Requirements RFC says that hosts must implement the Nagle algorithm, but there must be a way to disable it on individual connections. Maguire TCP header continued 5: 19 of 77 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
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IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
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Internetworking....................
Page 5 and 6:
Virtual Interface (VIF)............
Page 7 and 8:
Module 2: IP Basics: Routing, ARP,
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
Page 11 and 12:
ICMP Redirect .....................
Page 13 and 14:
Building a UDP packet from scratch
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Module 5: TCP, HTTP, RPC, NFS, X...
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Problems with multiple connections.
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Module 6: SCTP ....................
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Module 7: Dynamic Routing .........
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BGP Open Message ..................
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IGMP Implementation Details........
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Capacity Assignment ...............
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Network Management Systems ........
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Module 10: IPv6 ...................
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Why IPv6? .........................
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Wireless WANs . . . . . . . . . . .
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Module 12: IPSec, VPNs, Firewalls,
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Module 13: Future and Summary......
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Peer to peer networking ...........
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Module 14: Some exercises..........
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Welcome to the Internetworking cour
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Goals, Scope and Method Goals of th
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Learning Outcomes Following this co
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Prerequisites • Datorkommunikatio
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Topics • What an internet is and
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Grades: A..F (ECTS grades) • To g
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Written Assignment Goal: to gain an
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Literature The course will mainly b
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Lecture Plan Subject to revision!
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Context of the module Communication
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How can we deal with all of these d
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Basic concepts open-architecture ne
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Internetworked Architecture H … M
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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IP traffic growing exponentially! T
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Growth rates Some people think the
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Increasing Data Rates “Ethernet
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The Internet Today Local … Local
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Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
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Encapsulation Appl header user data
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• Transport layer • Port number
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IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700)
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Decimal Keyword Protocol References
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Basic communication mechanism: data
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Common Used Simple Services Name TC
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Simple Campus Network WAN ISP’s r
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How important are switches vs. rout
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Ethernet Encapsulation (RFC 894) DS
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IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest “…
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SLIP Problems ⇒CSLIP ≡ Compress
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PPP: Point to Point Protocol PPP (R
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PPP summary • support for multipl
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Loopback interface summary • loop
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Using VIF for tunneling TCP UDP ...
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Figure 16: Start the program, then
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Figure 18: After capturing some pac
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Figure 19: Export the captured traf
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Importing in to a Microsoft Excel 1
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Figure 22: Final step -- Note that
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Using a Perl script #!/usr/bin/perl
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Choosing which columns to display F
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Figure 26: Save your parameters and
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Classful addressing Classically the
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Special Case IP Addresses IP Addres
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CID
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IP address assignments Internet Ser
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Problems with the dual functions of
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Standardization Organizations The m
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W. Richard Stevens • Born in Luan
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[12] Van Jacobson, "If a Clean Slat
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IP Basics Outline • IP Routing: D
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Routing The internet protocols are
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Forwarding • Next-Hop method - ro
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Forwarding module A simplified view
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Fast forwarding Mikael Degermark, A
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where ddd is some numeric value. Ro
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Host routing A host either: • kno
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Combining layers Many devices now c
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What to do with a new computer? We
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ARP ≡ Address Resolution Protocol
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Address Resolution Cache Since you
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ARP example 2 B FTPd C resolver (1)
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Gratuitous ARP Host sends a request
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ARP - as seen with ethereal Time So
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RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Pr
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RARP server Someone has to know the
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Novel IPX/SPX Addresses Another app
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tcpdump Under HP-UX 11.0 # ./tcpdum
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Tools Used: tcpdump Program tcpdump
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Maguire Wireshark (formerly Etherea
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Tools Used: sock Program • A simp
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#include #include #include #incl
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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Interarrival delay and variance Fig
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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[10] Gianluca Insolvibile, “The L
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• IP • ICMP • Useful Diagnost
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checksum, and options fields. Magui
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MTU½≡Maximum Transmission Unit M
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Fields relevant to Fragmentation
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Serial line throughput At 9,000 bit
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7 {ECN Capable Transport (ECT) and
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Precedence Precedence values are de
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Precendence and telephony systems S
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TTL field Time To Live (TTL) (8 bit
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IPv4 Options • IPv4 options were
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Categories of IP Options • Single
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ICMP Port Unreachable Error Example
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PING: Packet InterNet Groper or son
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On a HP-UX 11.0 machine: ping -ov w
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Useful Tool: Traceroute Programs De
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This lecture we have discussed: •
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Transport layer protocols The trans
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Da
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UDP Checksum and Pseudo-Header •
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Port numbers in three groups Range
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Fragmentation Required If datagram
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• on a BSDI system: • each of t
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With an even larger UDP packet I re
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Datagram truncation What if the app
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Learning about Socket programming F
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UDP server design Stevens, Vol, 1,
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Changed the client Changing the fol
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if (!(proto = getprotobyname("raw")
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ICMP Source Quench Error Since UDP
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No error control Since UDP has no e
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BOOTP continued When a request is s
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DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Pr
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• Message - used by a server to p
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DHCP’s importance • allows reus
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Example of dhcpd.conf ### Managed b
Page 273 and 274: Trivial File Transfer Procotol (TFT
Page 275 and 276: Mapping names to IP addresses Host
Page 277 and 278: Zones A zone is a subtree of the DN
Page 279 and 280: (see Stevens, Vol. 1, figure 14.2,
Page 281 and 282: Domain registrars Internet Corporat
Page 283 and 284: Resource Records (RR) See Stevens,
Page 285 and 286: Network names Conventions: • it.k
Page 287 and 288: Example: $ORIGIN it.kth.se. @ 1D IN
Page 289 and 290: How to give your host a name? Host
Page 291 and 292: Configuring DNS • Configuring the
Page 293 and 294: Load leveling [1] For example, f.ro
Page 295 and 296: Where is f.root-servers.net ? trace
Page 297 and 298: Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) R
Page 299 and 300: Attacks upon DNS • Denial of serv
Page 301 and 302: DNS performance - top 100 From www.
Page 303 and 304: Web performance - continued Using P
Page 305 and 306: This lecture we have discussed: •
Page 307 and 308: IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
Page 309 and 310: Transport layer protocols • User
Page 311 and 312: Applications which use TCP Lots of
Page 313 and 314: TCP header continued Reliability is
Page 315 and 316: time client SYN, seq=x SYN, seq=y,
Page 317 and 318: client active close ACKs from clien
Page 319 and 320: Maximum Segment Size • The Maximu
Page 321 and 322: Window size Increasing window size
Page 323: Silly Window Syndrome If receiver a
Page 327 and 328: Resulting bulk data flow Every segm
Page 329 and 330: Congestion Avoidance So far we have
Page 331 and 332: Slow start In 1989, Van Jacobson in
Page 333 and 334: Round-Trip Time Measurement Fundame
Page 335 and 336: Congestion Avoidance Algorithm Slow
Page 337 and 338: Per-Route Metrics Newer TCPs keeps
Page 339 and 340: TCP Keepalive Timer No data flows a
Page 341 and 342: Long Fat Pipes Networks with large
Page 343 and 344: Example of TCP behavior 1 1. Figure
Page 345 and 346: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Page 347 and 348: HTTP Requests request-line == reque
Page 349 and 350: HTTP Response Codes HTTP 3-digit re
Page 351 and 352: Server Redirect Response code 302,
Page 353 and 354: Decrease in total time to produce a
Page 355 and 356: HTTP Statistics Statistics for indi
Page 357 and 358: HTTP Performance Problems HTTP open
Page 359 and 360: Web Enabled Devices emWare - thin c
Page 361 and 362: Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Two ver
Page 363 and 364: External Data Representation (XDR)
Page 365 and 366: NFSspy Insert a new pointer in plac
Page 367 and 368: nfsspy Initial implementations were
Page 369 and 370: Often there are multiple NFS client
Page 371 and 372: NFS Mount protocol Server can check
Page 373 and 374: NFS over TCP Provided by some vendo
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X Window System • Client-server a
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X was optimized for use across LANs
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Additional tools for watching TCP P
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Transaction TCP (T/TCP) Piggyback a
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References [1] Information Sciences
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Transport layer protocols • User
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SCTP Applications • Initial goal
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• Type SCTP Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23
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INIT Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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INIT ACK Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
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COOKIE ECHO Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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Data Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Ch
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Association Termination Two forms o
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0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Type = 14 Flag
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ethereal capture - daytime - INIT F
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ethereal capture - daytime - COOKIE
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ethereal capture - daytime - DATA F
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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HEARTBEAT and HEARTBEAT ACK Chunks
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Differences from TCP Congestion Con
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3 When retransmitting to a remote a
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Forward Cumulative TSN Allows an en
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SCTP Performance See the upcoming e
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2002 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc330
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• Dynamic Routing Protocols Outli
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Routing Principles • Routing Mech
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Processing Rouing daemon route comm
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Autonomous systems (ASs) - RFC1930
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Routing Algorithms • Static vs. D
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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When are routes sent? Solicited res
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Count to Infinity C network 1 netwo
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Triggered updates and Hold-Downs To
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Why would anyone use RIP? After all
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IGRP Metrics • a vector of metric
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IGRP Default Gateway Rather than us
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) OSP
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OSPF building blocks 1. Hello proto
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Hello packet 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 V
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Link State Announcement (LSA) heade
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Link state update packet 0 7 8 15 1
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Link state acknowledgement packet 0
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Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) an
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Local vs. Transit traffic Local tra
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BGP does not transmit metrics. Howe
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Redistribution of Route Information
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• Open • Update • Keepalive
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BGP Update Message 0 7 8 15 16 23 2
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BGP Notification Message 0 7 8 15 1
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Federal Internet eXchange (FIX) A t
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Global Internet eXchange (GIX) Glob
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Network Access Points (NAPs) At the
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Router Arbiter Project Router Arbit
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Euro6IX The European IPv6 Internet
Page 489 and 490:
Flows A flow is defined as a “uni
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A Tag Edge router labels a packet b
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Creating tags Since tag switching d
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Page 497 and 498:
[14] R. Hinden (Editor), “Applica
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• Multicast • IGMP • RSVP Out
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Broadcast and Multicast Traditional
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Broadcasting • Limited Broadcast
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Alternative centralized model CU-Se
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IP Multicast scales well • End-no
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Steve Deering’s Multicast Dynamic
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Multicasting IP addresses Multicast
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Converting Multicast Group to Ether
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Problems Unfortunately many links d
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How does IGMP fit into the protocol
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IGMP Implementation Details In orde
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IGMP Version 2 [3] Allows a host to
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IGMP - ethereal Figure 7: IGMP pack
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Frame 2: IGMP v2 Membership Report
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Frame 15: IGMP v2 Leave Group Ether
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Therefore a Multicast Router • Li
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Multicast Routing - Flooding • ma
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Multicast Routing - Spanning Trees
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Reverse -Path Forwarding (RPF) RPF
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Reverse Path Broadcast (RPB) • We
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Distance-Vector Multicast Routing P
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Core-Based Trees (CBT) A fixed poin
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Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) [10] Exten
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Telesys class was multicast over MB
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MBONE Chronology Nov. 1988 Small gr
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For the some statistics see: http:/
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mrouted mrouted UNIX deamon tunneli
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GLOP addressing Traditionally multi
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Other multicast efforts PGM: Pragma
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SNMP-based tools and multicast rela
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SNMP tools for working with multica
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RSVP: Resource Reservation Setup Pr
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Resource Reservation • Interarriv
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Capacity Assignment • end-nodes a
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RSVP Soft State • “soft state
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RSVP operations (continued) • At
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Argument against Reservation Given,
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Page 575 and 576:
[13] B. Fenner and D. Meyer (Editor
Page 577 and 578:
• Network Management • SNMP •
Page 579 and 580:
Network Management Process Network
Page 581 and 582:
Version 1 SNMP Version 2 - in 1992-
Page 583 and 584:
SNMP • SNMPv1 • only 5 commands
Page 585 and 586:
Case Diagram To understand the rela
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Remote MONitoring (RMON) [ RMON MIB
Page 589 and 590:
RMON1 Statistics Information collec
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EtherStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ethe
Page 593 and 594:
HostEntry ::= SEQUENCE { HostEntry
Page 595 and 596:
The Matrix Group Matrix group consi
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Information collected from network
Page 599 and 600:
Network Management Systems • HP O
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• Web based Interfaced Management
Page 603 and 604:
DMI 2.0 has three groups: • Compo
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Common Information Model (CIM) •
Page 607 and 608:
Inter-domain Management task force
Page 609 and 610:
Applications • E-mail • E-mail
Page 611 and 612:
Deregulation ⇒ New regulations
Page 613 and 614:
Latency 1 Usability FAX relay/broad
Page 615 and 616:
Voice Gateway 2B+D or 30B+D or …
Page 617 and 618:
Fax Support Both store-and-forward
Page 619 and 620:
Cisco Voice Over IP Enables Cisco 3
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2,400/4,800/7,200/9,600/14,400 bps
Page 623 and 624:
“The wireless workplace will soon
Page 625 and 626:
Carriers offering VOIP “Equant, a
Page 627 and 628:
Economics "Can Carriers Make Money
Page 629 and 630:
Patents Mixing voice and data in th
Page 631 and 632:
Deregulation ⇒ Trends • replaci
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RTP: Real-Time Transport Protocol D
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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol SI
Page 637 and 638:
SIP Invite 1 INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.
Page 639 and 640:
SIP Methods Method Invite Bye Optio
Page 641 and 642:
ENUM IETF’s E.164 Number Mapping
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Web Services Using protocols built
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Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Page 651 and 652:
• Wireless computers • supporti
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Device Control • Control everyday
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IPv6 header format version 4 bits C
Page 657 and 658:
Simplifications IPv6 builds on 20 y
Page 659 and 660:
Payload length Payload length is th
Page 661 and 662:
Extension headers • Each header i
Page 663 and 664:
Writing an IPv6 address The 128 bit
Page 665 and 666:
Binary prefix Hex. prefix Fraction
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Interface ID Must be unique to the
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Link local addresses Link local add
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Permanently assigned groups For exa
Page 673 and 674:
Prefix for IPv6 documentation The I
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IPv6 Routing • all standard routi
Page 677 and 678:
Fragment header Next Header (8 bits
Page 679 and 680:
intermediate relays on the way to t
Page 681 and 682:
Security • Header Authentication
Page 683 and 684:
IPv6 ICMP [13] Type (8 bits) Code (
Page 685 and 686:
IPv6 ICMP Echo Request/Reply (PING)
Page 687 and 688:
Summary of IPv6 ICMP • incorporat
Page 689 and 690:
IPv6 Transition Mechanisms • Incr
Page 691 and 692:
IPv6 networks 6Bone - http://www.6b
Page 693 and 694:
If things are to be connected they
Page 695 and 696:
Where are ISPs? “… There is evi
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
[13] A. Conta and S. Deering, “In
Page 701 and 702:
Page 703 and 704:
Emerging Network Architecture H …
Page 705 and 706:
Updating after a move Host name:
Page 707 and 708:
Communication from Z to X γ Z C X
Page 709 and 710:
Identification γ Z C Y B α γ Z C
Page 711 and 712:
How did it know to send the “I am
Page 713 and 714:
Getting Service Once it’s identit
Page 715 and 716:
Alternative 1 Initially X is locate
Page 717 and 718:
Alternative 3 Initially X is locate
Page 719 and 720:
Alternative 4 continued Initially X
Page 721 and 722:
What happens in the case of wireles
Page 723 and 724:
Wireless WANs BS-a cell a BS-a cell
Page 725 and 726:
Mobile IP Standardization Effort
Page 727 and 728:
A Mobile-IP(V6) Scenario Home Agent
Page 729 and 730:
Tunneling IP Datagrams Both home ag
Page 731 and 732:
Why Agent Discovery? Agent Discover
Page 733 and 734:
Registration Message Format 0 8 16
Page 735 and 736:
FA Requirements (v4) • Each FA mu
Page 737 and 738:
Optimization Problem Home site Inte
Page 739 and 740:
Mobile IP Problems and Development
Page 741 and 742:
Wireless IP Network Architecture Ho
Page 743 and 744:
HAWAII extension is similar to Cell
Page 745 and 746:
Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
Page 747 and 748:
Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
Page 749 and 750:
Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Private networks Private Networks a
Page 755 and 756:
Security Protocols, APIs, etc. •
Page 757 and 758:
IPSec IPSec in three parts: • enc
Page 759 and 760:
AH header For authentication purpos
Page 761 and 762:
Where can you run IPSec? Mode Where
Page 763 and 764:
Linux firewall For example, for the
Page 765 and 766:
Proxy Access Through A Firewall ext
Page 767 and 768:
Newping http://ftp.cerias.purdue.ed
Page 769 and 770:
Secure Mailer (aka Postfix) Wietse
Page 771 and 772:
• TCP Wrappers - allows monitorin
Page 773 and 774:
Network Address Translation exterio
Page 775 and 776:
Network Security Exercises You will
Page 777 and 778:
Page 779 and 780:
[13] Swedish Defense Material Admin
Page 781 and 782:
Page 783 and 784:
Generations of technology versus ge
Page 785 and 786:
Dissemination not conversation On s
Page 787 and 788:
Are interplanetary and intergalacti
Page 789 and 790:
Trends: Shifting from traditional t
Page 791 and 792:
Visualizing these laws 100 25000 80
Page 793 and 794:
Exponential growth As Ray Kurzweil
Page 795 and 796:
Is this only true for books? Chris
Page 797 and 798:
Too cheap to meter "It is not too m
Page 799 and 800:
What Would Google Do? Jeff Jarvis
Page 801 and 802:
Service Differentiation Integrated
Page 803 and 804:
Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Ad
Page 805 and 806:
PC interfaces Standard I/O ports of
Page 807 and 808:
IP Storage Area Networks (SANs) Usi
Page 809 and 810:
• Internet SCSI (iSCSI) JBOD == J
Page 811 and 812:
“Beowulf-class” machines Using
Page 813 and 814:
Internet2 http://www.internet2.org/
Page 815 and 816:
Speed through Silicon FPGAs used in
Page 817 and 818:
Active Networks • Network nodes c
Page 819 and 820:
Smart Networks with Sensors (Ren an
Page 821 and 822:
Future of the Internet An important
Page 823 and 824:
Clean slate re-design of the Intern
Page 825 and 826:
Is an hourglass the right model? Ru
Page 827 and 828:
Wikinomics Don Tapscott and Anthony
Page 829 and 830:
Resource pooling examples Resource
Page 831 and 832:
What kinds of things might be inter
Page 833 and 834:
Vehicle Area Networks (VANs) Contro
Page 835 and 836:
• Vehicle maintenance: diagnostic
Page 837 and 838:
Buildings Heating, Ventilation, and
Page 839 and 840:
Infrastructure • Is their ice on
Page 841 and 842:
Is saying “Internet of xxx” mis
Page 843 and 844:
• Server and Network Bandwidth an
Page 845 and 846:
Evolution of new varieties of netwo
Page 847 and 848:
How do I know where I am? Location
Page 849 and 850:
Requirements • Systems with which
Page 851 and 852:
Badge Communications Model Badges a
Page 853 and 854:
Smart Badge Sensors Details of the
Page 855 and 856:
A view of the packaged badge As sho
Page 857 and 858:
Split the functions between access
Page 859 and 860:
Personal Computing and Communicatio
Page 861 and 862:
Future Systems Audio I/O GPS source
Page 863 and 864:
Non-metalic bi-directional neural i
Page 865 and 866:
Spotting trends at 1% Mark J. Penn
Page 867 and 868:
Further Reading [1] Kalevi Kilkki,
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[23] Darwin Valderas Núñez, “In
Page 871 and 872:
Thanks Best wishes on your written
Page 873 and 874:
Internets - configuration 1 Figure
Page 875 and 876:
Adding a firewall and router Intern
Page 877 and 878:
Adding a WiMAX link Internets - con
Page 879:
Adding two-way multimedia Configura
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