Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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F root nameserver nodes Site Code Location IPv4/IPv6 Node Type Asia Pacific AKL1 Auckland IPv4 Local Node BNE1 Brisbane IPv4 Local Node CGK1 Jakarta IPv4 Local Node HKG1 Hong Kong IPv4 Local Node KIX1 Osaka IPv4 and IPv6 Local Node PEK1 Beijing IPv4 Local Node SEL1 Seoul IPv4 and IPv6 Local Node TPE1 Taipei IPv4 Local Node Americas AKL1 São Paulo IPv4 Local Node LAX1 Los Angeles IPv4 and IPv6 Local Node LGA1 New York IPv4 and IPv6 Local Node MTY1 Monterrey IPv4 Local Node PAO1 Palo Alto IPv4 and IPv6 Global Node SFO2 San Francisco IPv4 and IPv6 Global Node SQL1 Redwood City IPv4 and IPv6 Local Node SJC1 San Jose IPv4 Local Node YOW1 Ottawa IPv4 and IPv6 Local Node YYZ1 Toronto IPv4 Local Node Rest of World CDG1 Paris IPv4 and IPv6 Local Node DXB1 Dubai IPv4 Local Node JNB1 Johannesburg IPv4 Local Node LIS1 Lisbon IPv4 and IPv6 Local Node MAD1 Madrid IPv4 Local Node MUC1 Munich IPv4 and IPv6 Local Node PRG1 Prague IPv4 Local Node ROM1 Rome IPv4 Local Node SVO1 Moscow IPv4 Local Node TLV1 Tel Aviv IPv4 Local Node Maguire F root nameserver nodes 4: 62 of 74 maguire@kth.se <strong>2010</strong>.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
Where is f.root-servers.net ? traceroute to f.root-servers.net (192.5.5.241), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 net212a.imit.kth.se (130.237.212.2) 1 ms 1 ms 0 ms 2 cn4-kf4-p2p.gw.kth.se (130.237.211.205) 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms 3 ea4-cn4-p2p.gw.kth.se (130.237.211.102) 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms 4 kth2-ea4-b.gw.kth.se (130.237.211.241) 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms 5 stockholm4-SRP2.sunet.se (130.242.85.66) 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms 6 130.242.82.49 (130.242.82.49) 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms 7 se-kth.nordu.net (193.10.252.177) 1 ms 2 ms 4 ms 8 so-1-0.hsa2.Stockholm1.Level3.net (213.242.69.21) 4 ms 5 ms 4 ms 9 so-4-1-0.mp2.Stockholm1.Level3.net (213.242.68.205) 14 ms 8 ms 8 ms 10 as-1-0.bbr2.London1.Level3.net (212.187.128.25) 36 ms 36 ms 36 ms 11 as-0-0.bbr1.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.68.128.106) 106 ms 104 ms 104 ms 12 ae-0-0.bbr2.SanJose1.Level3.net (64.159.1.130) 180 ms 247 ms 180 ms 13 so-14-0.hsa4.SanJose1.Level3.net (4.68.114.158) * 178 ms 178 ms 14 ISC-Level3-fe.SanJose1.Level3.net (209.245.146.219) 178 ms 180 ms 178 ms 15 f.root-servers.net (192.5.5.241) 180 ms 178 ms 180 ms Maguire Where is f.root-servers.net ? 4: 63 of 74 maguire@kth.se <strong>2010</strong>.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
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IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
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Internetworking....................
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Virtual Interface (VIF)............
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Module 2: IP Basics: Routing, ARP,
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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ICMP Redirect .....................
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Building a UDP packet from scratch
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Module 5: TCP, HTTP, RPC, NFS, X...
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Problems with multiple connections.
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Module 6: SCTP ....................
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Module 7: Dynamic Routing .........
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BGP Open Message ..................
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IGMP Implementation Details........
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Capacity Assignment ...............
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Network Management Systems ........
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Module 10: IPv6 ...................
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Why IPv6? .........................
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Wireless WANs . . . . . . . . . . .
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Module 12: IPSec, VPNs, Firewalls,
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Module 13: Future and Summary......
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Peer to peer networking ...........
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Module 14: Some exercises..........
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Welcome to the Internetworking cour
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Goals, Scope and Method Goals of th
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Learning Outcomes Following this co
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Prerequisites • Datorkommunikatio
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Topics • What an internet is and
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Grades: A..F (ECTS grades) • To g
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Written Assignment Goal: to gain an
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Literature The course will mainly b
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Lecture Plan Subject to revision!
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Context of the module Communication
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How can we deal with all of these d
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Basic concepts open-architecture ne
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Internetworked Architecture H … M
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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IP traffic growing exponentially! T
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Growth rates Some people think the
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Increasing Data Rates “Ethernet
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The Internet Today Local … Local
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Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
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Encapsulation Appl header user data
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• Transport layer • Port number
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IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700)
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Decimal Keyword Protocol References
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Basic communication mechanism: data
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Common Used Simple Services Name TC
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Simple Campus Network WAN ISP’s r
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How important are switches vs. rout
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Ethernet Encapsulation (RFC 894) DS
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IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest “…
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SLIP Problems ⇒CSLIP ≡ Compress
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PPP: Point to Point Protocol PPP (R
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PPP summary • support for multipl
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Loopback interface summary • loop
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Using VIF for tunneling TCP UDP ...
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Figure 16: Start the program, then
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Figure 18: After capturing some pac
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Figure 19: Export the captured traf
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Importing in to a Microsoft Excel 1
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Figure 22: Final step -- Note that
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Using a Perl script #!/usr/bin/perl
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Choosing which columns to display F
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Figure 26: Save your parameters and
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Classful addressing Classically the
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Special Case IP Addresses IP Addres
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CID
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IP address assignments Internet Ser
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Problems with the dual functions of
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Standardization Organizations The m
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W. Richard Stevens • Born in Luan
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[12] Van Jacobson, "If a Clean Slat
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IP Basics Outline • IP Routing: D
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Routing The internet protocols are
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Forwarding • Next-Hop method - ro
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Forwarding module A simplified view
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Fast forwarding Mikael Degermark, A
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where ddd is some numeric value. Ro
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Host routing A host either: • kno
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Combining layers Many devices now c
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What to do with a new computer? We
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ARP ≡ Address Resolution Protocol
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Address Resolution Cache Since you
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ARP example 2 B FTPd C resolver (1)
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Gratuitous ARP Host sends a request
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ARP - as seen with ethereal Time So
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RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Pr
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RARP server Someone has to know the
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Novel IPX/SPX Addresses Another app
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tcpdump Under HP-UX 11.0 # ./tcpdum
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Tools Used: tcpdump Program tcpdump
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Maguire Wireshark (formerly Etherea
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Tools Used: sock Program • A simp
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#include #include #include #incl
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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Interarrival delay and variance Fig
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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[10] Gianluca Insolvibile, “The L
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• IP • ICMP • Useful Diagnost
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checksum, and options fields. Magui
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MTU½≡Maximum Transmission Unit M
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Fields relevant to Fragmentation
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Serial line throughput At 9,000 bit
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7 {ECN Capable Transport (ECT) and
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Precedence Precedence values are de
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Precendence and telephony systems S
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TTL field Time To Live (TTL) (8 bit
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IPv4 Options • IPv4 options were
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Categories of IP Options • Single
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ICMP Port Unreachable Error Example
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PING: Packet InterNet Groper or son
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On a HP-UX 11.0 machine: ping -ov w
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Useful Tool: Traceroute Programs De
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This lecture we have discussed: •
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Transport layer protocols The trans
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User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Da
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UDP Checksum and Pseudo-Header •
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Port numbers in three groups Range
Page 243 and 244: Fragmentation Required If datagram
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Page 247 and 248: With an even larger UDP packet I re
Page 249 and 250: Datagram truncation What if the app
Page 251 and 252: Learning about Socket programming F
Page 253 and 254: UDP server design Stevens, Vol, 1,
Page 255 and 256: Changed the client Changing the fol
Page 257 and 258: if (!(proto = getprotobyname("raw")
Page 259 and 260: ICMP Source Quench Error Since UDP
Page 261 and 262: No error control Since UDP has no e
Page 263 and 264: BOOTP continued When a request is s
Page 265 and 266: DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Pr
Page 267 and 268: • Message - used by a server to p
Page 269 and 270: DHCP’s importance • allows reus
Page 271 and 272: Example of dhcpd.conf ### Managed b
Page 273 and 274: Trivial File Transfer Procotol (TFT
Page 275 and 276: Mapping names to IP addresses Host
Page 277 and 278: Zones A zone is a subtree of the DN
Page 279 and 280: (see Stevens, Vol. 1, figure 14.2,
Page 281 and 282: Domain registrars Internet Corporat
Page 283 and 284: Resource Records (RR) See Stevens,
Page 285 and 286: Network names Conventions: • it.k
Page 287 and 288: Example: $ORIGIN it.kth.se. @ 1D IN
Page 289 and 290: How to give your host a name? Host
Page 291 and 292: Configuring DNS • Configuring the
Page 293: Load leveling [1] For example, f.ro
Page 297 and 298: Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) R
Page 299 and 300: Attacks upon DNS • Denial of serv
Page 301 and 302: DNS performance - top 100 From www.
Page 303 and 304: Web performance - continued Using P
Page 305 and 306: This lecture we have discussed: •
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Page 309 and 310: Transport layer protocols • User
Page 311 and 312: Applications which use TCP Lots of
Page 313 and 314: TCP header continued Reliability is
Page 315 and 316: time client SYN, seq=x SYN, seq=y,
Page 317 and 318: client active close ACKs from clien
Page 319 and 320: Maximum Segment Size • The Maximu
Page 321 and 322: Window size Increasing window size
Page 323 and 324: Silly Window Syndrome If receiver a
Page 325 and 326: Disabling the Nagle Algorithm But s
Page 327 and 328: Resulting bulk data flow Every segm
Page 329 and 330: Congestion Avoidance So far we have
Page 331 and 332: Slow start In 1989, Van Jacobson in
Page 333 and 334: Round-Trip Time Measurement Fundame
Page 335 and 336: Congestion Avoidance Algorithm Slow
Page 337 and 338: Per-Route Metrics Newer TCPs keeps
Page 339 and 340: TCP Keepalive Timer No data flows a
Page 341 and 342: Long Fat Pipes Networks with large
Page 343 and 344: Example of TCP behavior 1 1. Figure
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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HTTP Requests request-line == reque
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HTTP Response Codes HTTP 3-digit re
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Server Redirect Response code 302,
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Decrease in total time to produce a
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HTTP Statistics Statistics for indi
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HTTP Performance Problems HTTP open
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Web Enabled Devices emWare - thin c
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Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Two ver
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External Data Representation (XDR)
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NFSspy Insert a new pointer in plac
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nfsspy Initial implementations were
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Often there are multiple NFS client
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NFS Mount protocol Server can check
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NFS over TCP Provided by some vendo
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X Window System • Client-server a
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X was optimized for use across LANs
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Additional tools for watching TCP P
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Transaction TCP (T/TCP) Piggyback a
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References [1] Information Sciences
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Transport layer protocols • User
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SCTP Applications • Initial goal
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• Type SCTP Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23
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INIT Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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INIT ACK Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
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COOKIE ECHO Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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Data Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Ch
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Association Termination Two forms o
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0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Type = 14 Flag
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ethereal capture - daytime - INIT F
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ethereal capture - daytime - COOKIE
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ethereal capture - daytime - DATA F
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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HEARTBEAT and HEARTBEAT ACK Chunks
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Differences from TCP Congestion Con
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3 When retransmitting to a remote a
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Forward Cumulative TSN Allows an en
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SCTP Performance See the upcoming e
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2002 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc330
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• Dynamic Routing Protocols Outli
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Routing Principles • Routing Mech
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Processing Rouing daemon route comm
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Autonomous systems (ASs) - RFC1930
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Routing Algorithms • Static vs. D
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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When are routes sent? Solicited res
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Count to Infinity C network 1 netwo
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Triggered updates and Hold-Downs To
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Why would anyone use RIP? After all
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IGRP Metrics • a vector of metric
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IGRP Default Gateway Rather than us
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) OSP
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OSPF building blocks 1. Hello proto
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Hello packet 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 V
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Link State Announcement (LSA) heade
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Link state update packet 0 7 8 15 1
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Link state acknowledgement packet 0
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Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) an
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Local vs. Transit traffic Local tra
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BGP does not transmit metrics. Howe
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Redistribution of Route Information
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• Open • Update • Keepalive
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BGP Update Message 0 7 8 15 16 23 2
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BGP Notification Message 0 7 8 15 1
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Federal Internet eXchange (FIX) A t
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Global Internet eXchange (GIX) Glob
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Network Access Points (NAPs) At the
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Router Arbiter Project Router Arbit
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Euro6IX The European IPv6 Internet
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Flows A flow is defined as a “uni
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A Tag Edge router labels a packet b
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Creating tags Since tag switching d
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[14] R. Hinden (Editor), “Applica
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• Multicast • IGMP • RSVP Out
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Broadcast and Multicast Traditional
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Broadcasting • Limited Broadcast
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Alternative centralized model CU-Se
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IP Multicast scales well • End-no
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Steve Deering’s Multicast Dynamic
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Multicasting IP addresses Multicast
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Converting Multicast Group to Ether
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Problems Unfortunately many links d
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How does IGMP fit into the protocol
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IGMP Implementation Details In orde
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IGMP Version 2 [3] Allows a host to
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IGMP - ethereal Figure 7: IGMP pack
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Frame 2: IGMP v2 Membership Report
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Frame 15: IGMP v2 Leave Group Ether
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Therefore a Multicast Router • Li
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Multicast Routing - Flooding • ma
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Multicast Routing - Spanning Trees
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Reverse -Path Forwarding (RPF) RPF
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Reverse Path Broadcast (RPB) • We
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Distance-Vector Multicast Routing P
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Core-Based Trees (CBT) A fixed poin
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Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) [10] Exten
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Telesys class was multicast over MB
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MBONE Chronology Nov. 1988 Small gr
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For the some statistics see: http:/
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mrouted mrouted UNIX deamon tunneli
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GLOP addressing Traditionally multi
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Other multicast efforts PGM: Pragma
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SNMP-based tools and multicast rela
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SNMP tools for working with multica
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RSVP: Resource Reservation Setup Pr
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Resource Reservation • Interarriv
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Capacity Assignment • end-nodes a
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RSVP Soft State • “soft state
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RSVP operations (continued) • At
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Argument against Reservation Given,
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Page 575 and 576:
[13] B. Fenner and D. Meyer (Editor
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• Network Management • SNMP •
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Network Management Process Network
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Version 1 SNMP Version 2 - in 1992-
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SNMP • SNMPv1 • only 5 commands
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Case Diagram To understand the rela
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Remote MONitoring (RMON) [ RMON MIB
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RMON1 Statistics Information collec
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EtherStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ethe
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HostEntry ::= SEQUENCE { HostEntry
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The Matrix Group Matrix group consi
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Information collected from network
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Network Management Systems • HP O
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• Web based Interfaced Management
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DMI 2.0 has three groups: • Compo
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Common Information Model (CIM) •
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Inter-domain Management task force
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Applications • E-mail • E-mail
Page 611 and 612:
Deregulation ⇒ New regulations
Page 613 and 614:
Latency 1 Usability FAX relay/broad
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Voice Gateway 2B+D or 30B+D or …
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Fax Support Both store-and-forward
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Cisco Voice Over IP Enables Cisco 3
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2,400/4,800/7,200/9,600/14,400 bps
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“The wireless workplace will soon
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Carriers offering VOIP “Equant, a
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Economics "Can Carriers Make Money
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Patents Mixing voice and data in th
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Deregulation ⇒ Trends • replaci
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RTP: Real-Time Transport Protocol D
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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol SI
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SIP Invite 1 INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.
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SIP Methods Method Invite Bye Optio
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ENUM IETF’s E.164 Number Mapping
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Web Services Using protocols built
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Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
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• Wireless computers • supporti
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Device Control • Control everyday
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IPv6 header format version 4 bits C
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Simplifications IPv6 builds on 20 y
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Payload length Payload length is th
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Extension headers • Each header i
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Writing an IPv6 address The 128 bit
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Binary prefix Hex. prefix Fraction
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Interface ID Must be unique to the
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Link local addresses Link local add
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Permanently assigned groups For exa
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Prefix for IPv6 documentation The I
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IPv6 Routing • all standard routi
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Fragment header Next Header (8 bits
Page 679 and 680:
intermediate relays on the way to t
Page 681 and 682:
Security • Header Authentication
Page 683 and 684:
IPv6 ICMP [13] Type (8 bits) Code (
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IPv6 ICMP Echo Request/Reply (PING)
Page 687 and 688:
Summary of IPv6 ICMP • incorporat
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IPv6 Transition Mechanisms • Incr
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IPv6 networks 6Bone - http://www.6b
Page 693 and 694:
If things are to be connected they
Page 695 and 696:
Where are ISPs? “… There is evi
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
[13] A. Conta and S. Deering, “In
Page 701 and 702:
Page 703 and 704:
Emerging Network Architecture H …
Page 705 and 706:
Updating after a move Host name:
Page 707 and 708:
Communication from Z to X γ Z C X
Page 709 and 710:
Identification γ Z C Y B α γ Z C
Page 711 and 712:
How did it know to send the “I am
Page 713 and 714:
Getting Service Once it’s identit
Page 715 and 716:
Alternative 1 Initially X is locate
Page 717 and 718:
Alternative 3 Initially X is locate
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Alternative 4 continued Initially X
Page 721 and 722:
What happens in the case of wireles
Page 723 and 724:
Wireless WANs BS-a cell a BS-a cell
Page 725 and 726:
Mobile IP Standardization Effort
Page 727 and 728:
A Mobile-IP(V6) Scenario Home Agent
Page 729 and 730:
Tunneling IP Datagrams Both home ag
Page 731 and 732:
Why Agent Discovery? Agent Discover
Page 733 and 734:
Registration Message Format 0 8 16
Page 735 and 736:
FA Requirements (v4) • Each FA mu
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Optimization Problem Home site Inte
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Mobile IP Problems and Development
Page 741 and 742:
Wireless IP Network Architecture Ho
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HAWAII extension is similar to Cell
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
Page 747 and 748:
Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Private networks Private Networks a
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Security Protocols, APIs, etc. •
Page 757 and 758:
IPSec IPSec in three parts: • enc
Page 759 and 760:
AH header For authentication purpos
Page 761 and 762:
Where can you run IPSec? Mode Where
Page 763 and 764:
Linux firewall For example, for the
Page 765 and 766:
Proxy Access Through A Firewall ext
Page 767 and 768:
Newping http://ftp.cerias.purdue.ed
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Secure Mailer (aka Postfix) Wietse
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• TCP Wrappers - allows monitorin
Page 773 and 774:
Network Address Translation exterio
Page 775 and 776:
Network Security Exercises You will
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Page 779 and 780:
[13] Swedish Defense Material Admin
Page 781 and 782:
Page 783 and 784:
Generations of technology versus ge
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Dissemination not conversation On s
Page 787 and 788:
Are interplanetary and intergalacti
Page 789 and 790:
Trends: Shifting from traditional t
Page 791 and 792:
Visualizing these laws 100 25000 80
Page 793 and 794:
Exponential growth As Ray Kurzweil
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Is this only true for books? Chris
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Too cheap to meter "It is not too m
Page 799 and 800:
What Would Google Do? Jeff Jarvis
Page 801 and 802:
Service Differentiation Integrated
Page 803 and 804:
Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Ad
Page 805 and 806:
PC interfaces Standard I/O ports of
Page 807 and 808:
IP Storage Area Networks (SANs) Usi
Page 809 and 810:
• Internet SCSI (iSCSI) JBOD == J
Page 811 and 812:
“Beowulf-class” machines Using
Page 813 and 814:
Internet2 http://www.internet2.org/
Page 815 and 816:
Speed through Silicon FPGAs used in
Page 817 and 818:
Active Networks • Network nodes c
Page 819 and 820:
Smart Networks with Sensors (Ren an
Page 821 and 822:
Future of the Internet An important
Page 823 and 824:
Clean slate re-design of the Intern
Page 825 and 826:
Is an hourglass the right model? Ru
Page 827 and 828:
Wikinomics Don Tapscott and Anthony
Page 829 and 830:
Resource pooling examples Resource
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What kinds of things might be inter
Page 833 and 834:
Vehicle Area Networks (VANs) Contro
Page 835 and 836:
• Vehicle maintenance: diagnostic
Page 837 and 838:
Buildings Heating, Ventilation, and
Page 839 and 840:
Infrastructure • Is their ice on
Page 841 and 842:
Is saying “Internet of xxx” mis
Page 843 and 844:
• Server and Network Bandwidth an
Page 845 and 846:
Evolution of new varieties of netwo
Page 847 and 848:
How do I know where I am? Location
Page 849 and 850:
Requirements • Systems with which
Page 851 and 852:
Badge Communications Model Badges a
Page 853 and 854:
Smart Badge Sensors Details of the
Page 855 and 856:
A view of the packaged badge As sho
Page 857 and 858:
Split the functions between access
Page 859 and 860:
Personal Computing and Communicatio
Page 861 and 862:
Future Systems Audio I/O GPS source
Page 863 and 864:
Non-metalic bi-directional neural i
Page 865 and 866:
Spotting trends at 1% Mark J. Penn
Page 867 and 868:
Further Reading [1] Kalevi Kilkki,
Page 869 and 870:
[23] Darwin Valderas Núñez, “In
Page 871 and 872:
Thanks Best wishes on your written
Page 873 and 874:
Internets - configuration 1 Figure
Page 875 and 876:
Adding a firewall and router Intern
Page 877 and 878:
Adding a WiMAX link Internets - con
Page 879:
Adding two-way multimedia Configura
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