Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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Reserved and Available UDP Port Numbers keyword UNIX keyword Description 0 reserved 7 ECHO echo Echo 9 DISCARD discard Discard == sink null 11 USERS systat Active users 13 DAYTIME daytime Daytime 15 - netstat Network status program 17 QUOTE qotd Quote of the day 19 CHARGEN chargen Character generator 37 TIME time Time server 39 RLP rlp Resource Location Protocol 42 NAMESERVER name Host Name Server 43 NICNAME whois Who is 53 DOMAIN domain Domain Name Server 67 BOOTPS bootps Bootstrap Protocol Server 68 BOOTPC bootpc Bootstrap Protocol Client 69 TFTP tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol 88 KERBEROS kerberos5 Kerberos v5 kdc 111 SUNRPC sunrpc SUN Remote Procedure Call (portmap) 123 NTP ntp Network Time Protocol 137 netbios_ns netbios_ns NetBIOS name service 138 netbios_dgm netbios_dgm NetBIOS Datagram Service 139 netbios_ssn netbios_ssn NetBIOS Session Service 161 snmp Simple Network Management Protocol Agent 162 snmp-trap Simple Network Management Protocol Traps 512 biff mail notification 513 who remote who and uptime 514 syslog remote system logging 517 talk conversation 518 ntalk new talk, conversation 520 route routing information protocol 525 timed remote clock synchronization 533 netwall netwall Emergency broadcasting 750 kerberos kerberos Kerberos (server) 6000 + display number X11 server 7000 X11 font server Maguire Reserved and Available UDP Port Numbers 4: 8 of 74 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
Port numbers in three groups Range Purpose 0 .. 1023 System (Well-Known) Ports a 1024 .. 49151 User (Registered) Ports 49152 .. 65535 Dynamic and/or Private Ports a. Roughly 300 well know port numbers remain unassigned and 38 reserved Roughly 26k registered port numbers remain unassigned and 9 reserved ‘For the purpose of providing services to unknown callers, a service contact port is defined. This list specifies the port used by the server process as its contact port. The contact port is sometimes called the "well-known port".’ http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers Linux chooses the local port to use for TCP and UDP traffic from this range: $ cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range 1024 29999 Maguire Port numbers in three groups 4: 9 of 74 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
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IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
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Internetworking....................
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Virtual Interface (VIF)............
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Module 2: IP Basics: Routing, ARP,
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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ICMP Redirect .....................
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Building a UDP packet from scratch
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Module 5: TCP, HTTP, RPC, NFS, X...
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Problems with multiple connections.
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Module 6: SCTP ....................
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Module 7: Dynamic Routing .........
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BGP Open Message ..................
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IGMP Implementation Details........
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Capacity Assignment ...............
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Network Management Systems ........
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Module 10: IPv6 ...................
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Why IPv6? .........................
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Wireless WANs . . . . . . . . . . .
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Module 12: IPSec, VPNs, Firewalls,
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Module 13: Future and Summary......
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Peer to peer networking ...........
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Module 14: Some exercises..........
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Welcome to the Internetworking cour
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Goals, Scope and Method Goals of th
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Learning Outcomes Following this co
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Prerequisites • Datorkommunikatio
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Topics • What an internet is and
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Grades: A..F (ECTS grades) • To g
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Written Assignment Goal: to gain an
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Literature The course will mainly b
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Lecture Plan Subject to revision!
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Context of the module Communication
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How can we deal with all of these d
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Basic concepts open-architecture ne
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Internetworked Architecture H … M
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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IP traffic growing exponentially! T
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Growth rates Some people think the
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Increasing Data Rates “Ethernet
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The Internet Today Local … Local
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Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
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Encapsulation Appl header user data
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• Transport layer • Port number
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IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700)
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Decimal Keyword Protocol References
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Basic communication mechanism: data
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Common Used Simple Services Name TC
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Simple Campus Network WAN ISP’s r
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How important are switches vs. rout
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Ethernet Encapsulation (RFC 894) DS
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IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest “…
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SLIP Problems ⇒CSLIP ≡ Compress
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PPP: Point to Point Protocol PPP (R
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PPP summary • support for multipl
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Loopback interface summary • loop
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Using VIF for tunneling TCP UDP ...
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Figure 16: Start the program, then
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Figure 18: After capturing some pac
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Figure 19: Export the captured traf
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Importing in to a Microsoft Excel 1
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Figure 22: Final step -- Note that
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Using a Perl script #!/usr/bin/perl
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Choosing which columns to display F
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Figure 26: Save your parameters and
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Classful addressing Classically the
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Special Case IP Addresses IP Addres
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CID
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IP address assignments Internet Ser
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Problems with the dual functions of
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Standardization Organizations The m
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W. Richard Stevens • Born in Luan
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[12] Van Jacobson, "If a Clean Slat
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IP Basics Outline • IP Routing: D
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Routing The internet protocols are
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Forwarding • Next-Hop method - ro
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Forwarding module A simplified view
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Fast forwarding Mikael Degermark, A
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where ddd is some numeric value. Ro
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Host routing A host either: • kno
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Combining layers Many devices now c
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What to do with a new computer? We
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ARP ≡ Address Resolution Protocol
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Address Resolution Cache Since you
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ARP example 2 B FTPd C resolver (1)
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Gratuitous ARP Host sends a request
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ARP - as seen with ethereal Time So
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RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Pr
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RARP server Someone has to know the
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Novel IPX/SPX Addresses Another app
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tcpdump Under HP-UX 11.0 # ./tcpdum
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Tools Used: tcpdump Program tcpdump
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Maguire Wireshark (formerly Etherea
Page 189 and 190: Tools Used: sock Program • A simp
Page 191 and 192: #include #include #include #incl
Page 193 and 194: Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
Page 195 and 196: Interarrival delay and variance Fig
Page 197 and 198: Summary This lecture we have discus
Page 199 and 200: [10] Gianluca Insolvibile, “The L
Page 201 and 202: • IP • ICMP • Useful Diagnost
Page 203 and 204: checksum, and options fields. Magui
Page 205 and 206: MTU½≡Maximum Transmission Unit M
Page 207 and 208: Fields relevant to Fragmentation
Page 209 and 210: Serial line throughput At 9,000 bit
Page 211 and 212: 7 {ECN Capable Transport (ECT) and
Page 213 and 214: Precedence Precedence values are de
Page 215 and 216: Precendence and telephony systems S
Page 217 and 218: TTL field Time To Live (TTL) (8 bit
Page 219 and 220: IPv4 Options • IPv4 options were
Page 221 and 222: Categories of IP Options • Single
Page 223 and 224: ICMP Port Unreachable Error Example
Page 225 and 226: PING: Packet InterNet Groper or son
Page 227 and 228: On a HP-UX 11.0 machine: ping -ov w
Page 229 and 230: Useful Tool: Traceroute Programs De
Page 231 and 232: This lecture we have discussed: •
Page 233 and 234: IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
Page 235 and 236: Transport layer protocols The trans
Page 237 and 238: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Da
Page 239: UDP Checksum and Pseudo-Header •
Page 243 and 244: Fragmentation Required If datagram
Page 245 and 246: • on a BSDI system: • each of t
Page 247 and 248: With an even larger UDP packet I re
Page 249 and 250: Datagram truncation What if the app
Page 251 and 252: Learning about Socket programming F
Page 253 and 254: UDP server design Stevens, Vol, 1,
Page 255 and 256: Changed the client Changing the fol
Page 257 and 258: if (!(proto = getprotobyname("raw")
Page 259 and 260: ICMP Source Quench Error Since UDP
Page 261 and 262: No error control Since UDP has no e
Page 263 and 264: BOOTP continued When a request is s
Page 265 and 266: DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Pr
Page 267 and 268: • Message - used by a server to p
Page 269 and 270: DHCP’s importance • allows reus
Page 271 and 272: Example of dhcpd.conf ### Managed b
Page 273 and 274: Trivial File Transfer Procotol (TFT
Page 275 and 276: Mapping names to IP addresses Host
Page 277 and 278: Zones A zone is a subtree of the DN
Page 279 and 280: (see Stevens, Vol. 1, figure 14.2,
Page 281 and 282: Domain registrars Internet Corporat
Page 283 and 284: Resource Records (RR) See Stevens,
Page 285 and 286: Network names Conventions: • it.k
Page 287 and 288: Example: $ORIGIN it.kth.se. @ 1D IN
Page 289 and 290: How to give your host a name? Host
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Configuring DNS • Configuring the
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Load leveling [1] For example, f.ro
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Where is f.root-servers.net ? trace
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Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) R
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Attacks upon DNS • Denial of serv
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DNS performance - top 100 From www.
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Web performance - continued Using P
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This lecture we have discussed: •
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Transport layer protocols • User
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Applications which use TCP Lots of
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TCP header continued Reliability is
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time client SYN, seq=x SYN, seq=y,
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client active close ACKs from clien
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Maximum Segment Size • The Maximu
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Window size Increasing window size
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Silly Window Syndrome If receiver a
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Disabling the Nagle Algorithm But s
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Resulting bulk data flow Every segm
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Congestion Avoidance So far we have
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Slow start In 1989, Van Jacobson in
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Round-Trip Time Measurement Fundame
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Congestion Avoidance Algorithm Slow
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Per-Route Metrics Newer TCPs keeps
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TCP Keepalive Timer No data flows a
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Long Fat Pipes Networks with large
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Example of TCP behavior 1 1. Figure
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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HTTP Requests request-line == reque
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HTTP Response Codes HTTP 3-digit re
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Server Redirect Response code 302,
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Decrease in total time to produce a
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HTTP Statistics Statistics for indi
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HTTP Performance Problems HTTP open
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Web Enabled Devices emWare - thin c
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Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Two ver
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External Data Representation (XDR)
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NFSspy Insert a new pointer in plac
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nfsspy Initial implementations were
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Often there are multiple NFS client
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NFS Mount protocol Server can check
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NFS over TCP Provided by some vendo
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X Window System • Client-server a
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X was optimized for use across LANs
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Additional tools for watching TCP P
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Transaction TCP (T/TCP) Piggyback a
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References [1] Information Sciences
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Transport layer protocols • User
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SCTP Applications • Initial goal
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• Type SCTP Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23
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INIT Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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INIT ACK Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
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COOKIE ECHO Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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Data Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Ch
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Association Termination Two forms o
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0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Type = 14 Flag
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ethereal capture - daytime - INIT F
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ethereal capture - daytime - COOKIE
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ethereal capture - daytime - DATA F
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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HEARTBEAT and HEARTBEAT ACK Chunks
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Differences from TCP Congestion Con
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3 When retransmitting to a remote a
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Forward Cumulative TSN Allows an en
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SCTP Performance See the upcoming e
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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2002 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc330
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• Dynamic Routing Protocols Outli
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Routing Principles • Routing Mech
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Processing Rouing daemon route comm
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Autonomous systems (ASs) - RFC1930
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Routing Algorithms • Static vs. D
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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When are routes sent? Solicited res
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Count to Infinity C network 1 netwo
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Triggered updates and Hold-Downs To
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Why would anyone use RIP? After all
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IGRP Metrics • a vector of metric
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IGRP Default Gateway Rather than us
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) OSP
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OSPF building blocks 1. Hello proto
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Hello packet 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 V
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Link State Announcement (LSA) heade
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Link state update packet 0 7 8 15 1
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Link state acknowledgement packet 0
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Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) an
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Local vs. Transit traffic Local tra
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BGP does not transmit metrics. Howe
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Redistribution of Route Information
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• Open • Update • Keepalive
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BGP Update Message 0 7 8 15 16 23 2
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BGP Notification Message 0 7 8 15 1
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Federal Internet eXchange (FIX) A t
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Global Internet eXchange (GIX) Glob
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Network Access Points (NAPs) At the
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Router Arbiter Project Router Arbit
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Euro6IX The European IPv6 Internet
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Flows A flow is defined as a “uni
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A Tag Edge router labels a packet b
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Creating tags Since tag switching d
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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[14] R. Hinden (Editor), “Applica
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• Multicast • IGMP • RSVP Out
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Broadcast and Multicast Traditional
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Broadcasting • Limited Broadcast
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Alternative centralized model CU-Se
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IP Multicast scales well • End-no
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Steve Deering’s Multicast Dynamic
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Multicasting IP addresses Multicast
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Converting Multicast Group to Ether
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Problems Unfortunately many links d
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How does IGMP fit into the protocol
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IGMP Implementation Details In orde
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IGMP Version 2 [3] Allows a host to
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IGMP - ethereal Figure 7: IGMP pack
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Frame 2: IGMP v2 Membership Report
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Frame 15: IGMP v2 Leave Group Ether
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Therefore a Multicast Router • Li
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Multicast Routing - Flooding • ma
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Multicast Routing - Spanning Trees
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Reverse -Path Forwarding (RPF) RPF
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Reverse Path Broadcast (RPB) • We
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Distance-Vector Multicast Routing P
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Core-Based Trees (CBT) A fixed poin
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Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) [10] Exten
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Telesys class was multicast over MB
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MBONE Chronology Nov. 1988 Small gr
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For the some statistics see: http:/
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mrouted mrouted UNIX deamon tunneli
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GLOP addressing Traditionally multi
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Other multicast efforts PGM: Pragma
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SNMP-based tools and multicast rela
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SNMP tools for working with multica
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RSVP: Resource Reservation Setup Pr
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Resource Reservation • Interarriv
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Capacity Assignment • end-nodes a
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RSVP Soft State • “soft state
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RSVP operations (continued) • At
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Argument against Reservation Given,
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Page 575 and 576:
[13] B. Fenner and D. Meyer (Editor
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• Network Management • SNMP •
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Network Management Process Network
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Version 1 SNMP Version 2 - in 1992-
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SNMP • SNMPv1 • only 5 commands
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Case Diagram To understand the rela
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Remote MONitoring (RMON) [ RMON MIB
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RMON1 Statistics Information collec
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EtherStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ethe
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HostEntry ::= SEQUENCE { HostEntry
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The Matrix Group Matrix group consi
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Information collected from network
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Network Management Systems • HP O
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• Web based Interfaced Management
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DMI 2.0 has three groups: • Compo
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Common Information Model (CIM) •
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Inter-domain Management task force
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Applications • E-mail • E-mail
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Deregulation ⇒ New regulations
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Latency 1 Usability FAX relay/broad
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Voice Gateway 2B+D or 30B+D or …
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Fax Support Both store-and-forward
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Cisco Voice Over IP Enables Cisco 3
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2,400/4,800/7,200/9,600/14,400 bps
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“The wireless workplace will soon
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Carriers offering VOIP “Equant, a
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Economics "Can Carriers Make Money
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Patents Mixing voice and data in th
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Deregulation ⇒ Trends • replaci
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RTP: Real-Time Transport Protocol D
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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol SI
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SIP Invite 1 INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.
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SIP Methods Method Invite Bye Optio
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ENUM IETF’s E.164 Number Mapping
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Web Services Using protocols built
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Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
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• Wireless computers • supporti
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Device Control • Control everyday
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IPv6 header format version 4 bits C
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Simplifications IPv6 builds on 20 y
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Payload length Payload length is th
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Extension headers • Each header i
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Writing an IPv6 address The 128 bit
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Binary prefix Hex. prefix Fraction
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Interface ID Must be unique to the
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Link local addresses Link local add
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Permanently assigned groups For exa
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Prefix for IPv6 documentation The I
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IPv6 Routing • all standard routi
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Fragment header Next Header (8 bits
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intermediate relays on the way to t
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Security • Header Authentication
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IPv6 ICMP [13] Type (8 bits) Code (
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IPv6 ICMP Echo Request/Reply (PING)
Page 687 and 688:
Summary of IPv6 ICMP • incorporat
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IPv6 Transition Mechanisms • Incr
Page 691 and 692:
IPv6 networks 6Bone - http://www.6b
Page 693 and 694:
If things are to be connected they
Page 695 and 696:
Where are ISPs? “… There is evi
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
[13] A. Conta and S. Deering, “In
Page 701 and 702:
Page 703 and 704:
Emerging Network Architecture H …
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Updating after a move Host name:
Page 707 and 708:
Communication from Z to X γ Z C X
Page 709 and 710:
Identification γ Z C Y B α γ Z C
Page 711 and 712:
How did it know to send the “I am
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Getting Service Once it’s identit
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Alternative 1 Initially X is locate
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Alternative 3 Initially X is locate
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Alternative 4 continued Initially X
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What happens in the case of wireles
Page 723 and 724:
Wireless WANs BS-a cell a BS-a cell
Page 725 and 726:
Mobile IP Standardization Effort
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A Mobile-IP(V6) Scenario Home Agent
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Tunneling IP Datagrams Both home ag
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Why Agent Discovery? Agent Discover
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Registration Message Format 0 8 16
Page 735 and 736:
FA Requirements (v4) • Each FA mu
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Optimization Problem Home site Inte
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Mobile IP Problems and Development
Page 741 and 742:
Wireless IP Network Architecture Ho
Page 743 and 744:
HAWAII extension is similar to Cell
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
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Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Private networks Private Networks a
Page 755 and 756:
Security Protocols, APIs, etc. •
Page 757 and 758:
IPSec IPSec in three parts: • enc
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AH header For authentication purpos
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Where can you run IPSec? Mode Where
Page 763 and 764:
Linux firewall For example, for the
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Proxy Access Through A Firewall ext
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Newping http://ftp.cerias.purdue.ed
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Secure Mailer (aka Postfix) Wietse
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• TCP Wrappers - allows monitorin
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Network Address Translation exterio
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Network Security Exercises You will
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Page 779 and 780:
[13] Swedish Defense Material Admin
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Page 783 and 784:
Generations of technology versus ge
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Dissemination not conversation On s
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Are interplanetary and intergalacti
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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Visualizing these laws 100 25000 80
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Exponential growth As Ray Kurzweil
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Is this only true for books? Chris
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Too cheap to meter "It is not too m
Page 799 and 800:
What Would Google Do? Jeff Jarvis
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Service Differentiation Integrated
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Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Ad
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PC interfaces Standard I/O ports of
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IP Storage Area Networks (SANs) Usi
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• Internet SCSI (iSCSI) JBOD == J
Page 811 and 812:
“Beowulf-class” machines Using
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Internet2 http://www.internet2.org/
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Speed through Silicon FPGAs used in
Page 817 and 818:
Active Networks • Network nodes c
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Smart Networks with Sensors (Ren an
Page 821 and 822:
Future of the Internet An important
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Clean slate re-design of the Intern
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Is an hourglass the right model? Ru
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Wikinomics Don Tapscott and Anthony
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Resource pooling examples Resource
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What kinds of things might be inter
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Vehicle Area Networks (VANs) Contro
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• Vehicle maintenance: diagnostic
Page 837 and 838:
Buildings Heating, Ventilation, and
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Infrastructure • Is their ice on
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Is saying “Internet of xxx” mis
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• Server and Network Bandwidth an
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Evolution of new varieties of netwo
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How do I know where I am? Location
Page 849 and 850:
Requirements • Systems with which
Page 851 and 852:
Badge Communications Model Badges a
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Smart Badge Sensors Details of the
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A view of the packaged badge As sho
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Split the functions between access
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Personal Computing and Communicatio
Page 861 and 862:
Future Systems Audio I/O GPS source
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Non-metalic bi-directional neural i
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Spotting trends at 1% Mark J. Penn
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Further Reading [1] Kalevi Kilkki,
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[23] Darwin Valderas Núñez, “In
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Thanks Best wishes on your written
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Internets - configuration 1 Figure
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Adding a firewall and router Intern
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Adding a WiMAX link Internets - con
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Adding two-way multimedia Configura
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Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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