Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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References [1] Renesas Technology Corp. TCAM description http://www.renesas.com/fmwk.jsp?cnt=tcam_series_landing.jsp&fp=/applications/network/network_memory/t cam/ [2] Fany Yu, Randy H. Katz, and T. V. Lakshman, "Gigabit Rate Multiple-Pattern Matching with TCAM", http://sahara.cs.berkeley.edu/jan2004-retreat/slides/Fang_retreat.ppt [3] Geoff Huston, "Analyzing the Internet BGP Routing Table", Cisco Systems web page, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/about/ac123/ac147/ac174/ac176/about_cisco_ipj_archive_article09186a00800c8 3cc.html [4] Tian Bu, Lixin Gao, and Don Towsley, "On Characterizing BGP Routing Table Growth", Proceedings of Globe Internet 2002, 2002 http://www-unix.ecs.umass.edu/~lgao/globalinternet2002_tian.pdf [5] H. Narayan, R. Govindan, and G. Varghese, "The Impact of Address Allocation and Routing on the Structure and Implementation of Routing Tables", Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications, 2003, pp 125-136, ISBN:1-58113-735-4 and SIGCOMM 03, August 25 29, 2003, Karlsruhe, Germany http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/~varghese/PAPERS/aram.pdf [6] Ravikumar V.C Rabi Mahapatra J.C. Liu, "Modified LC-Trie Based Efficient Routing Lookup", http://faculty.cs.tamu.edu/rabi/Publications/Mascot-final-proceeding.pdf [7] APNIC, Routing Table Report 04:00 +10GMT Sat 19 Mar, 2005, North American Network Operators Group, Weekly Routing Table Report, From: Routing Table Analysis, Mar 18 13:10:37 2005, "This is an automated weekly mailing describing the state of the Internet Routing Table as seen from APNIC’s router in Japan. Daily listings are sent to bgp-stats@lists.apnic.net" http://www.merit.edu/mail.archives/nanog/2005-03/msg00401.html [8] Geoff Huston, Routing Table Status Report, Policy SIG, APNIC19, Kyoto, Japan, Feb 24 2005 http://www.apnic.net/meetings/19/docs/sigs/routing/routing-pres-info-huston-routing-table.pdf [9] Bassam Halabi, Internet Routing Architectures, Cisco Press, 1997, ISBN 1-56205-652-2. Maguire References 2: 51 of 52 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
[10] Gianluca Insolvibile, “The Linux Socket Filter: Sniffing Bytes over the Network”, Linux Journal, 31 May 2001 http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/4659 [11] Gianluca Insolvibile, “Inside the Linux Packet Filter, Part II”, Linux Journal, 1 March 2002 http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/5617 [12] Stefano Avallone, Antonio Pescapé, and Giorgio Ventre, “Analysis and experimentation of Internet Traffic Generator”, International Conference on Next Generation Teletraffic and Wired/Wireless Advanced Networking (NEW2AN’04), February 02-06, 2004 http://www.grid.unina.it/software/ITG/D-ITGpubblications/New2an-ITG.pdf Maguire References 2: 52 of 52 maguire@kth.se 2010.03.21 Internetworking/Internetteknik
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IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
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Internetworking....................
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Virtual Interface (VIF)............
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Module 2: IP Basics: Routing, ARP,
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Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
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ICMP Redirect .....................
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Building a UDP packet from scratch
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Module 5: TCP, HTTP, RPC, NFS, X...
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Problems with multiple connections.
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Module 6: SCTP ....................
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Module 7: Dynamic Routing .........
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BGP Open Message ..................
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IGMP Implementation Details........
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Capacity Assignment ...............
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Network Management Systems ........
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Module 10: IPv6 ...................
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Why IPv6? .........................
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Wireless WANs . . . . . . . . . . .
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Module 12: IPSec, VPNs, Firewalls,
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Module 13: Future and Summary......
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Peer to peer networking ...........
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Module 14: Some exercises..........
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Welcome to the Internetworking cour
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Goals, Scope and Method Goals of th
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Learning Outcomes Following this co
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Prerequisites • Datorkommunikatio
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Topics • What an internet is and
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Grades: A..F (ECTS grades) • To g
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Written Assignment Goal: to gain an
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Literature The course will mainly b
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Lecture Plan Subject to revision!
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Context of the module Communication
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How can we deal with all of these d
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Basic concepts open-architecture ne
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Internetworked Architecture H … M
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Trends: Shifting from traditional t
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IP traffic growing exponentially! T
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Growth rates Some people think the
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Increasing Data Rates “Ethernet
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The Internet Today Local … Local
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Implicit vs. Explicit Information V
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Encapsulation Appl header user data
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• Transport layer • Port number
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IP “Protocol” field (RFC 1700)
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Decimal Keyword Protocol References
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Basic communication mechanism: data
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Common Used Simple Services Name TC
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Simple Campus Network WAN ISP’s r
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How important are switches vs. rout
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Ethernet Encapsulation (RFC 894) DS
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IEEE 802 Numbers of Interest “…
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SLIP Problems ⇒CSLIP ≡ Compress
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PPP: Point to Point Protocol PPP (R
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PPP summary • support for multipl
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Loopback interface summary • loop
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Using VIF for tunneling TCP UDP ...
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Figure 16: Start the program, then
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Figure 18: After capturing some pac
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Figure 19: Export the captured traf
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Importing in to a Microsoft Excel 1
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Figure 22: Final step -- Note that
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Using a Perl script #!/usr/bin/perl
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Choosing which columns to display F
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Figure 26: Save your parameters and
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Classful addressing Classically the
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Special Case IP Addresses IP Addres
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CID
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IP address assignments Internet Ser
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Problems with the dual functions of
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Standardization Organizations The m
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W. Richard Stevens • Born in Luan
Page 147 and 148: [12] Van Jacobson, "If a Clean Slat
Page 149 and 150: IP Basics Outline • IP Routing: D
Page 151 and 152: Routing The internet protocols are
Page 153 and 154: Forwarding • Next-Hop method - ro
Page 155 and 156: Forwarding module A simplified view
Page 157 and 158: Fast forwarding Mikael Degermark, A
Page 159 and 160: where ddd is some numeric value. Ro
Page 161 and 162: Host routing A host either: • kno
Page 163 and 164: Combining layers Many devices now c
Page 165 and 166: What to do with a new computer? We
Page 167 and 168: ARP ≡ Address Resolution Protocol
Page 169 and 170: Address Resolution Cache Since you
Page 171 and 172: ARP example 2 B FTPd C resolver (1)
Page 173 and 174: Gratuitous ARP Host sends a request
Page 175 and 176: ARP - as seen with ethereal Time So
Page 177 and 178: RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Pr
Page 179 and 180: RARP server Someone has to know the
Page 181 and 182: Novel IPX/SPX Addresses Another app
Page 183 and 184: tcpdump Under HP-UX 11.0 # ./tcpdum
Page 185 and 186: Tools Used: tcpdump Program tcpdump
Page 187 and 188: Maguire Wireshark (formerly Etherea
Page 189 and 190: Tools Used: sock Program • A simp
Page 191 and 192: #include #include #include #incl
Page 193 and 194: Wireshark’s IO Graph functionalit
Page 195 and 196: Interarrival delay and variance Fig
Page 197: Summary This lecture we have discus
Page 201 and 202: • IP • ICMP • Useful Diagnost
Page 203 and 204: checksum, and options fields. Magui
Page 205 and 206: MTU½≡Maximum Transmission Unit M
Page 207 and 208: Fields relevant to Fragmentation
Page 209 and 210: Serial line throughput At 9,000 bit
Page 211 and 212: 7 {ECN Capable Transport (ECT) and
Page 213 and 214: Precedence Precedence values are de
Page 215 and 216: Precendence and telephony systems S
Page 217 and 218: TTL field Time To Live (TTL) (8 bit
Page 219 and 220: IPv4 Options • IPv4 options were
Page 221 and 222: Categories of IP Options • Single
Page 223 and 224: ICMP Port Unreachable Error Example
Page 225 and 226: PING: Packet InterNet Groper or son
Page 227 and 228: On a HP-UX 11.0 machine: ping -ov w
Page 229 and 230: Useful Tool: Traceroute Programs De
Page 231 and 232: This lecture we have discussed: •
Page 233 and 234: IK1550 Internetworking/Internettekn
Page 235 and 236: Transport layer protocols The trans
Page 237 and 238: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Da
Page 239 and 240: UDP Checksum and Pseudo-Header •
Page 241 and 242: Port numbers in three groups Range
Page 243 and 244: Fragmentation Required If datagram
Page 245 and 246: • on a BSDI system: • each of t
Page 247 and 248: With an even larger UDP packet I re
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Datagram truncation What if the app
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Learning about Socket programming F
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UDP server design Stevens, Vol, 1,
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Changed the client Changing the fol
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if (!(proto = getprotobyname("raw")
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ICMP Source Quench Error Since UDP
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No error control Since UDP has no e
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BOOTP continued When a request is s
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DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Pr
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• Message - used by a server to p
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DHCP’s importance • allows reus
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Example of dhcpd.conf ### Managed b
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Trivial File Transfer Procotol (TFT
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Mapping names to IP addresses Host
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Zones A zone is a subtree of the DN
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(see Stevens, Vol. 1, figure 14.2,
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Domain registrars Internet Corporat
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Resource Records (RR) See Stevens,
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Network names Conventions: • it.k
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Example: $ORIGIN it.kth.se. @ 1D IN
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How to give your host a name? Host
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Configuring DNS • Configuring the
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Load leveling [1] For example, f.ro
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Where is f.root-servers.net ? trace
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Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) R
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Attacks upon DNS • Denial of serv
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DNS performance - top 100 From www.
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Web performance - continued Using P
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This lecture we have discussed: •
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Transport layer protocols • User
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Applications which use TCP Lots of
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TCP header continued Reliability is
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time client SYN, seq=x SYN, seq=y,
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client active close ACKs from clien
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Maximum Segment Size • The Maximu
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Window size Increasing window size
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Silly Window Syndrome If receiver a
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Disabling the Nagle Algorithm But s
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Resulting bulk data flow Every segm
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Congestion Avoidance So far we have
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Slow start In 1989, Van Jacobson in
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Round-Trip Time Measurement Fundame
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Congestion Avoidance Algorithm Slow
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Per-Route Metrics Newer TCPs keeps
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TCP Keepalive Timer No data flows a
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Long Fat Pipes Networks with large
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Example of TCP behavior 1 1. Figure
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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HTTP Requests request-line == reque
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HTTP Response Codes HTTP 3-digit re
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Server Redirect Response code 302,
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Decrease in total time to produce a
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HTTP Statistics Statistics for indi
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HTTP Performance Problems HTTP open
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Web Enabled Devices emWare - thin c
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Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Two ver
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External Data Representation (XDR)
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NFSspy Insert a new pointer in plac
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nfsspy Initial implementations were
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Often there are multiple NFS client
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NFS Mount protocol Server can check
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NFS over TCP Provided by some vendo
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X Window System • Client-server a
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X was optimized for use across LANs
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Additional tools for watching TCP P
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Transaction TCP (T/TCP) Piggyback a
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References [1] Information Sciences
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Transport layer protocols • User
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SCTP Applications • Initial goal
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• Type SCTP Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23
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INIT Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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INIT ACK Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
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COOKIE ECHO Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24
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Data Chunk 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Typ
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Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) Ch
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Association Termination Two forms o
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0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 Type = 14 Flag
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ethereal capture - daytime - INIT F
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ethereal capture - daytime - COOKIE
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ethereal capture - daytime - DATA F
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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ethereal capture - daytime - SHUTDO
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HEARTBEAT and HEARTBEAT ACK Chunks
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Differences from TCP Congestion Con
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3 When retransmitting to a remote a
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Forward Cumulative TSN Allows an en
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SCTP Performance See the upcoming e
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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2002 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc330
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• Dynamic Routing Protocols Outli
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Routing Principles • Routing Mech
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Processing Rouing daemon route comm
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Autonomous systems (ASs) - RFC1930
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Routing Algorithms • Static vs. D
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Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
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When are routes sent? Solicited res
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Count to Infinity C network 1 netwo
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Triggered updates and Hold-Downs To
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Why would anyone use RIP? After all
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IGRP Metrics • a vector of metric
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IGRP Default Gateway Rather than us
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) OSP
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OSPF building blocks 1. Hello proto
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Hello packet 0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31 V
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Link State Announcement (LSA) heade
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Link state update packet 0 7 8 15 1
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Link state acknowledgement packet 0
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Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) an
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Local vs. Transit traffic Local tra
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BGP does not transmit metrics. Howe
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Redistribution of Route Information
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• Open • Update • Keepalive
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BGP Update Message 0 7 8 15 16 23 2
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BGP Notification Message 0 7 8 15 1
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Federal Internet eXchange (FIX) A t
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Global Internet eXchange (GIX) Glob
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Network Access Points (NAPs) At the
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Router Arbiter Project Router Arbit
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Euro6IX The European IPv6 Internet
Page 489 and 490:
Flows A flow is defined as a “uni
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A Tag Edge router labels a packet b
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Creating tags Since tag switching d
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Summary This lecture we have discus
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[14] R. Hinden (Editor), “Applica
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• Multicast • IGMP • RSVP Out
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Broadcast and Multicast Traditional
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Broadcasting • Limited Broadcast
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Alternative centralized model CU-Se
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IP Multicast scales well • End-no
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Steve Deering’s Multicast Dynamic
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Multicasting IP addresses Multicast
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Converting Multicast Group to Ether
Page 515 and 516:
Problems Unfortunately many links d
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How does IGMP fit into the protocol
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IGMP Implementation Details In orde
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IGMP Version 2 [3] Allows a host to
Page 523 and 524:
IGMP - ethereal Figure 7: IGMP pack
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Frame 2: IGMP v2 Membership Report
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Frame 15: IGMP v2 Leave Group Ether
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Therefore a Multicast Router • Li
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Multicast Routing - Flooding • ma
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Multicast Routing - Spanning Trees
Page 535 and 536:
Reverse -Path Forwarding (RPF) RPF
Page 537 and 538:
Reverse Path Broadcast (RPB) • We
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Distance-Vector Multicast Routing P
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Core-Based Trees (CBT) A fixed poin
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Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) [10] Exten
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Telesys class was multicast over MB
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MBONE Chronology Nov. 1988 Small gr
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For the some statistics see: http:/
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mrouted mrouted UNIX deamon tunneli
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GLOP addressing Traditionally multi
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Other multicast efforts PGM: Pragma
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SNMP-based tools and multicast rela
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SNMP tools for working with multica
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RSVP: Resource Reservation Setup Pr
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Resource Reservation • Interarriv
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Capacity Assignment • end-nodes a
Page 567 and 568:
RSVP Soft State • “soft state
Page 569 and 570:
RSVP operations (continued) • At
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Argument against Reservation Given,
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Page 575 and 576:
[13] B. Fenner and D. Meyer (Editor
Page 577 and 578:
• Network Management • SNMP •
Page 579 and 580:
Network Management Process Network
Page 581 and 582:
Version 1 SNMP Version 2 - in 1992-
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SNMP • SNMPv1 • only 5 commands
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Case Diagram To understand the rela
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Remote MONitoring (RMON) [ RMON MIB
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RMON1 Statistics Information collec
Page 591 and 592:
EtherStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ethe
Page 593 and 594:
HostEntry ::= SEQUENCE { HostEntry
Page 595 and 596:
The Matrix Group Matrix group consi
Page 597 and 598:
Information collected from network
Page 599 and 600:
Network Management Systems • HP O
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• Web based Interfaced Management
Page 603 and 604:
DMI 2.0 has three groups: • Compo
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Common Information Model (CIM) •
Page 607 and 608:
Inter-domain Management task force
Page 609 and 610:
Applications • E-mail • E-mail
Page 611 and 612:
Deregulation ⇒ New regulations
Page 613 and 614:
Latency 1 Usability FAX relay/broad
Page 615 and 616:
Voice Gateway 2B+D or 30B+D or …
Page 617 and 618:
Fax Support Both store-and-forward
Page 619 and 620:
Cisco Voice Over IP Enables Cisco 3
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2,400/4,800/7,200/9,600/14,400 bps
Page 623 and 624:
“The wireless workplace will soon
Page 625 and 626:
Carriers offering VOIP “Equant, a
Page 627 and 628:
Economics "Can Carriers Make Money
Page 629 and 630:
Patents Mixing voice and data in th
Page 631 and 632:
Deregulation ⇒ Trends • replaci
Page 633 and 634:
RTP: Real-Time Transport Protocol D
Page 635 and 636:
SIP: Session Initiation Protocol SI
Page 637 and 638:
SIP Invite 1 INVITE sip:bob@biloxi.
Page 639 and 640:
SIP Methods Method Invite Bye Optio
Page 641 and 642:
ENUM IETF’s E.164 Number Mapping
Page 643 and 644:
Web Services Using protocols built
Page 645 and 646:
Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Page 651 and 652:
• Wireless computers • supporti
Page 653 and 654:
Device Control • Control everyday
Page 655 and 656:
IPv6 header format version 4 bits C
Page 657 and 658:
Simplifications IPv6 builds on 20 y
Page 659 and 660:
Payload length Payload length is th
Page 661 and 662:
Extension headers • Each header i
Page 663 and 664:
Writing an IPv6 address The 128 bit
Page 665 and 666:
Binary prefix Hex. prefix Fraction
Page 667 and 668:
Interface ID Must be unique to the
Page 669 and 670:
Link local addresses Link local add
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Permanently assigned groups For exa
Page 673 and 674:
Prefix for IPv6 documentation The I
Page 675 and 676:
IPv6 Routing • all standard routi
Page 677 and 678:
Fragment header Next Header (8 bits
Page 679 and 680:
intermediate relays on the way to t
Page 681 and 682:
Security • Header Authentication
Page 683 and 684:
IPv6 ICMP [13] Type (8 bits) Code (
Page 685 and 686:
IPv6 ICMP Echo Request/Reply (PING)
Page 687 and 688:
Summary of IPv6 ICMP • incorporat
Page 689 and 690:
IPv6 Transition Mechanisms • Incr
Page 691 and 692:
IPv6 networks 6Bone - http://www.6b
Page 693 and 694:
If things are to be connected they
Page 695 and 696:
Where are ISPs? “… There is evi
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
[13] A. Conta and S. Deering, “In
Page 701 and 702:
Page 703 and 704:
Emerging Network Architecture H …
Page 705 and 706:
Updating after a move Host name:
Page 707 and 708:
Communication from Z to X γ Z C X
Page 709 and 710:
Identification γ Z C Y B α γ Z C
Page 711 and 712:
How did it know to send the “I am
Page 713 and 714:
Getting Service Once it’s identit
Page 715 and 716:
Alternative 1 Initially X is locate
Page 717 and 718:
Alternative 3 Initially X is locate
Page 719 and 720:
Alternative 4 continued Initially X
Page 721 and 722:
What happens in the case of wireles
Page 723 and 724:
Wireless WANs BS-a cell a BS-a cell
Page 725 and 726:
Mobile IP Standardization Effort
Page 727 and 728:
A Mobile-IP(V6) Scenario Home Agent
Page 729 and 730:
Tunneling IP Datagrams Both home ag
Page 731 and 732:
Why Agent Discovery? Agent Discover
Page 733 and 734:
Registration Message Format 0 8 16
Page 735 and 736:
FA Requirements (v4) • Each FA mu
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Optimization Problem Home site Inte
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Mobile IP Problems and Development
Page 741 and 742:
Wireless IP Network Architecture Ho
Page 743 and 744:
HAWAII extension is similar to Cell
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Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
Page 747 and 748:
Hierarchical FA and Regional Tunnel
Page 749 and 750:
Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Private networks Private Networks a
Page 755 and 756:
Security Protocols, APIs, etc. •
Page 757 and 758:
IPSec IPSec in three parts: • enc
Page 759 and 760:
AH header For authentication purpos
Page 761 and 762:
Where can you run IPSec? Mode Where
Page 763 and 764:
Linux firewall For example, for the
Page 765 and 766:
Proxy Access Through A Firewall ext
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Newping http://ftp.cerias.purdue.ed
Page 769 and 770:
Secure Mailer (aka Postfix) Wietse
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• TCP Wrappers - allows monitorin
Page 773 and 774:
Network Address Translation exterio
Page 775 and 776:
Network Security Exercises You will
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Page 779 and 780:
[13] Swedish Defense Material Admin
Page 781 and 782:
Page 783 and 784:
Generations of technology versus ge
Page 785 and 786:
Dissemination not conversation On s
Page 787 and 788:
Are interplanetary and intergalacti
Page 789 and 790:
Trends: Shifting from traditional t
Page 791 and 792:
Visualizing these laws 100 25000 80
Page 793 and 794:
Exponential growth As Ray Kurzweil
Page 795 and 796:
Is this only true for books? Chris
Page 797 and 798:
Too cheap to meter "It is not too m
Page 799 and 800:
What Would Google Do? Jeff Jarvis
Page 801 and 802:
Service Differentiation Integrated
Page 803 and 804:
Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Ad
Page 805 and 806:
PC interfaces Standard I/O ports of
Page 807 and 808:
IP Storage Area Networks (SANs) Usi
Page 809 and 810:
• Internet SCSI (iSCSI) JBOD == J
Page 811 and 812:
“Beowulf-class” machines Using
Page 813 and 814:
Internet2 http://www.internet2.org/
Page 815 and 816:
Speed through Silicon FPGAs used in
Page 817 and 818:
Active Networks • Network nodes c
Page 819 and 820:
Smart Networks with Sensors (Ren an
Page 821 and 822:
Future of the Internet An important
Page 823 and 824:
Clean slate re-design of the Intern
Page 825 and 826:
Is an hourglass the right model? Ru
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Wikinomics Don Tapscott and Anthony
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Resource pooling examples Resource
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What kinds of things might be inter
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Vehicle Area Networks (VANs) Contro
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• Vehicle maintenance: diagnostic
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Buildings Heating, Ventilation, and
Page 839 and 840:
Infrastructure • Is their ice on
Page 841 and 842:
Is saying “Internet of xxx” mis
Page 843 and 844:
• Server and Network Bandwidth an
Page 845 and 846:
Evolution of new varieties of netwo
Page 847 and 848:
How do I know where I am? Location
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Requirements • Systems with which
Page 851 and 852:
Badge Communications Model Badges a
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Smart Badge Sensors Details of the
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A view of the packaged badge As sho
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Split the functions between access
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Personal Computing and Communicatio
Page 861 and 862:
Future Systems Audio I/O GPS source
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Non-metalic bi-directional neural i
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Spotting trends at 1% Mark J. Penn
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Further Reading [1] Kalevi Kilkki,
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[23] Darwin Valderas Núñez, “In
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Thanks Best wishes on your written
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Internets - configuration 1 Figure
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Adding a firewall and router Intern
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Adding a WiMAX link Internets - con
Page 879:
Adding two-way multimedia Configura
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Lectures notes for 2010 - KTH

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