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Presentation to the
Technical Committee
SP Wani and Team
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
Patancheru P.O. 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Importance of Rainfed Agriculture
in India
It can be strongly argued that rainfed
agriculture holds the key for addressing
the challenges of poverty, equity, food
security and inclusive development

Strategy
Farmers centered watersheds as an entry point
for improved rural livelihoods in dryland areas
‣ IGNRM
‣ Holistic livelihood approach
‣ Sustainability, empowerment and KS
‣ Social inclusion (equity & gender)
‣ Scaling-up and scaling-out
‣ Learning and evolutionary

Purpose and Goal
The Comprehensive Assessment (CA) of
watershed programs in India is a critical
evaluation of the benefits, costs, and
impacts, challenges we have to face and
the possible solutions

Specific Objectives
‣ To critically assess the impact of various watershed
development programs in India
‣ To identify the drivers of success from the bright
spots in terms of targeted objectives, enabling
policies and institutions contributing towards
achieving greater impact
‣ To develop suitable institutional and technical
recommendations, policy guidelines and suitable
database for sustainable and efficient
management of the watershed programs

Main Question
The overarching question for the assessment
is “How the watershed programs can be
made more effective and managed to
‣ increase agricultural
productivity
‣ help to enhance incomes
and reduce poverty
‣ to protect environment
for sustainable
development

Scope of the Assessment
The assessment deals with
‣ multiple temporal and spatial scales
‣ drivers of success
‣ constraints
‣ enabling policies and institutions

Approach
‣ Convergence and consortium
‣ Macro- and micro-level studies
‣ Detailed analysis of secondary data
‣ Detailed case studies
‣ Use new science tools

Project Inception Workshop
at New Delhi, 6-7 June 2006
Workshop Outputs:
• Discussed and finalized strategy to undertake CA
with partners
• Consortium of voluntary institutions formed
• Proceedings are documented and published

Participating Agencies
or Organizations in the CA
Impact Policies Institutions Approach/case studies
NCAP NCAP Jungarh Agri Univ
Jungarh Agri Univ TNAU TNAU
TNAU WALMI, Bhopal WALMI, Bhopal
WALMI, Bhopal IGAU, Raipur IGAU, Raipur
ISEC, Bangalore NABARD NABARD
CRIDA ISEC, Bangalore ISEC, Bangalore
IEG, Delhi WASSAN WASSAN
ISRO CRIDA FES, Rajasthan
ICRISAT IEG, Delhi CRIDA
IWMI ICRISAT IEG, Delhi
WOTR IWMI ICRISAT
BAIF
Pragna, Hyderabad
CSWCRTI, Dehradun
GIDR, Ahmedabad
CAZRI, Jodhpur
Rajiv Gandhi mission for
watershed development, MP
GIDR, Ahmedabad
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
WOTR
BAIF
Pragna, Hyderabad
CSWCRTI, Dehradun
GIDR, Ahmedabad
CAZRI, Jodhpur

CA to Identify
‣ Impact indicators
‣ Drivers of success
‣ Impact pathways
‣ Institutional, policy, and social options
‣ Gaps: knowledge, technology, policies,
funds etc.

CA Expected Outputs
‣ State-of-the-art knowledge review
‣ Guidelines and institutional mechanisms
‣ Manuals on IWM
‣ Synthesis report
‣ Communications and outreach

Core Group Meeting
at ICRISAT, 11-12 July 2006
Main Question:
The overarching question for the assessment
is “How the watershed programs can be made
more effective and managed to:
• increase agricultural productivity
• help to enhance incomes and reduce
poverty
• to protect environment for sustainable
development”

Sub-questions for each main
question were finalized
Eg. Agricultural Productivity
What is the impact of watershed programs on increasing
the agricultural productivity?
a) How watershed programs affected land and water
resource development and their use?
b) How watershed programs helped in integrated
farming systems (e.g livestock and fisheries, tree
based systems etc)?
c) Whether watershed program helped to reduce
risk (e.g. frequency of crop failure reduced, crop
diversification etc) in agriculture production?

Output-wise Participating
Agencies
Impact
Core group
ICRISAT*
TNAU
NCAP
ISRO
CSWCRTI
ISEC
IEG
CRIDA
Policies
Institutions Case studies Approach
Core group
NCAP*
GIDR
IEG
ISEC
ICRISAT
TNAU
Core group
ISEC*
GIDR,
NABARD
SPWD
CSWCRTI
ISRO
ICRISAT
CRIDA
Core Group
IEG*
GIDR
WOTR
ICRISAT
ISEC
CSWCRTI

Region-wise Institutions
S.No State/Region Organizations responsible
1 1.South (AP, TN, Karnataka,
Kerala, Pondicherry)
2 2.West (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Goa,
Maharasthra)
3 3.North (HP, Uttarchanchal,
Haryana, Punjab, UP)
4 4.East (Bihar, WB, Jharkhand,
Orissa) & NE
ISEC,TNAU,CSWCRTI,
ICRISAT,CRIDA
JAU, GIDR, ICRISAT,
CSWCRTI, ISEC,
CAZRI/SPWD, WOTR
IEG, NCAP, SPWD, GBPAU,
CSWCRTI, GBPIEDHE,
ICRISAT
CENDRET/XIRD/ CSWCRTI,
ICAR for NE, NCAP
5 5.Central (MP, Chattisgarh) GIDR-IGAU, WALMI-MP,
IGAU, ICRISAT

Webpage for the CA Launched
• Guidelines (NWDPRA, DPAP, Hariyali, , WDF
• Impact assessment report (61)
• Mechanism for central data base on
watersheds

Macro-Level Studies
Remote sensing for impact assessment
12 watersheds in 6 States – time series data
Additional 5 watersheds in Andhra Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan
Earlier NWDPRA assessment using satellite
Sujala watersheds in Karnataka studies
ISRO-NRSA-ICRISAT are on job

Macro-Level Studies (Contd..)
Meta-analysis analysis Approach
New case studies data to add to the
311 case studies
Comprehensive analysis of extended
data sets
NCAP – ICRISAT undertaking
analysis

Micro-Level Studies
Bioeconomic model to study Ex-Ante impact for
policies & technological interventions
Increased productivity of cereal-legumes
legumes
intercropping improved the welfare
It promoted crop-livestock integration
Irrigated vegetables, cotton, sunflower mined the
soil nutrients
Support price for dryland crops is a promising
policy alternative that could generate multiple
benefits

Micro-Level Studies (Contd..)
Bioeconomic model to study ex-ante
impact for
policies & technological interventions
Water pricing policy - trade-off for welfare and
sustainability
Incentives for water saving technologies are must
Non-farm employment - trade off bet household
welfare and conservation measures
Need to avoid conflicting policies

Micro-Level Studies (Contd..)
10 case studies to study impacts, institutions,
diversification, biodiversity, gender
Drivers (biophysical, social, institutional and
technical) of success studied from four
programs
Eight additional case studies planned to study
collective action, high rainfall and low rainfall
areas, training and capacity building, PPP,
livelihoods, wastelands

Biophysical Drivers
of Success
‣ Target high potential and opportunity (need)
areas e.g., western Himalayan region followed
by southern zone and Gujarat plain
‣ BCR was 25% higher in the rainfall region of
901-1000 1000 mm over 500 mm region
‣ Macrowatersheds (>1250 ha) performed 42%
better over microwatersheds (

Drivers of Success in Adarsha
Watershed
Innovations for enhancing community
participation
Demand driven — water scarcity, low crop
yields, higher rainfed lands
Tangible economic benefits to individuals
through integrated approach
Knowledge-based entry point
Equal partnership, trust and shared vision
among the consortium partners

Drivers of Success in Adarsha
Watershed (Contd..)
Innovations for enhancing community
participation
Good local leadership
Pre-disposition to work collectively for
community development
Transparency and social vigilance in the
financial dealings
Equity thru low-cost structures
Empowerment – enhanced accessibility of
new technologies and knowledge sharing
developed local capacity

Roles of Key Institutions
Roles of key institutions in different programmes
19
5
0
8
3
20
0
14
18
19
5
5
4
15
27
10
12
12
Hariyali
19
19
13
19
0
4
3
3
4
5
27
23
19
12
12
2
2
4
IGWP
APRLP
Sujala
WIA
FG
SHG apex
body
SHG
GP
WDT
Field staff
PIA
Line
department

Review and Strategy on Guidelines and
Institutional Mechanisms (ISEC is leading)
Chapter Outlines
‣ Critical review during 1975-2006
- Guidelines and institutional mechanism
‣ Issues identified
‣ What revisions are needed
‣ Monitoring and learning mechanisms needed
‣ Possible design and implementation options

State of the Art Review for CA
(NCAP is Leading)
Introduction
• Watershed approaches
• Policies and institutions
• Investments
• Impacts of watershed programs
(tangible & intangible)
• Lessons learnt
• How to scale-up
• Summary

In brief:
Summary
• The consortium for the CA is in place after the
inception workshop
• Macro-level studies using satellite imageries is
commissioned
• Micro-level case studies (10) are ready for synthesis
• Eight case studies are to be launched
• Web page is developed and operationalized
• Specific detailed study reports for eg, , meta-analysis,
analysis,
impacts, policies & guidelines, state-of the art review
commissioned
• Documentation through proceedings
• Webpage and reports is on

THANK YOU.