draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley

Note that while both =kate and =pupe involve temporal overlap, and as such may be translated
with identical constructions in languages such as Spanish, =pupe-constructions differ from =kateconstructions
in that in the former the event denoted by the verb to which =pupe attaches must
serve as the means by which event denoted by the verb of the main clause is achieved.
2.3.7.5 Reason Markers
Old Omagua exhibited two clause-linking markers that expressed the reason that a given event is
realized: =ikua ‘because (of)’ (§2.3.7.5.1); and =sep1 ‘because (of)’ (§2.3.7.5.2). Only the former is
attested in modern Omagua.
2.3.7.5.1 =ikua ‘because (of)’ The VP-final enclitic =ikua appears in the supporting clause
of a biclausal sentence and expresses the reason for which the event of the main clause is realized,
as in (2.69). It appears to have grammaticalized from Proto-Omagua-Kokama *ikua ‘know’.
(2.69) neyam1m1atipa upakatu nIĩyamukuikatu neutSakanapupe neyum1Rataikua yeneyaRa Dios?
ne= yam1m1a =tipa upa =katu ne= ĩya =mukui =katu ne= utSa =kana
2sg= grieve =interr all =intsf 2sg= heart =com =intsf 2sg= sin =pl.ms
=pupe
=instr
ne=
2sg=
yum1Ra
get.angry
-ta
-caus
=ikua
=reas
yene=
1pl.incl=
yaRa
master
Dios
God
‘Do you grieve with all your heart because you have angered our Lord God with your sins?’
(example (6.36a))
When =ikua occurs, it is always the rightmost element in its phonological word, coming outside
of derivational morphology (as in (2.69)) as well as other enclitics, as in (2.70).
(2.70) nesaSitatipa upakatu nIĩyamukuikatu yenepapa dios, upakatu maRainkana neukuataRaSi,
RaeRasemaikatuikua?
ne= saSita =tipa upa =katu ne= ĩya =mukui =katu yene= papa dios
2sg= love =interr all =intsf 2sg= heart =com =intsf 1pl.incl= father God
upa =katu maRain =kana ne= ukuata =RaSi Ra= eRa =semai =katu
all =intsf thing =pl.ms 2sg= pass.by =nass 3sg.ms= good =verid =intsf
=ikua
=reas
‘Do you love our father God with all your heart, even though anything may happen to you,
because he is really truly good?’
(example (6.35a))
Although the clause-linking function of =ikua is restricted to its appearance with predicates,
=ikua may also attach to nouns, pronouns and interrogative words to license oblique arguments.
In this function =ikua most commonly co-occurs with maRai ‘what’, to yield the interrogative word
maRaikua ‘why’ (see §2.3.5.2). It is attested once in the ecclesiastical texts in this function, attaching
to the pronominal proclitic yene= 1pl.incl, as in (2.71).
(2.71) yeneikua RasusanaRaSi, cruzaRi tak1tamai RaumanuRaSi 1m1nua (muRa).
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