draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
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Note that while both =kate and =pupe involve temporal overlap, and as such may be translated<br />
with identical constructions in languages such as Spanish, =pupe-constructions differ from =kateconstructions<br />
in that in the former the event denoted by the verb to which =pupe attaches must<br />
serve as the means by which event denoted by the verb <strong>of</strong> the main clause is achieved.<br />
2.3.7.5 Reason Markers<br />
Old Omagua exhibited two clause-linking markers that expressed the reason that a given event is<br />
realized: =ikua ‘because (<strong>of</strong>)’ (§2.3.7.5.1); and =sep1 ‘because (<strong>of</strong>)’ (§2.3.7.5.2). Only the former is<br />
attested in modern Omagua.<br />
2.3.7.5.1 =ikua ‘because (<strong>of</strong>)’ The VP-final enclitic =ikua appears in the supporting clause<br />
<strong>of</strong> a biclausal sentence and expresses the reason for which the event <strong>of</strong> the main clause is realized,<br />
as in (2.69). It appears to have grammaticalized from Proto-Omagua-Kokama *ikua ‘know’.<br />
(2.69) neyam1m1atipa upakatu nIĩyamukuikatu neutSakanapupe neyum1Rataikua yeneyaRa Dios?<br />
ne= yam1m1a =tipa upa =katu ne= ĩya =mukui =katu ne= utSa =kana<br />
2sg= grieve =interr all =intsf 2sg= heart =com =intsf 2sg= sin =pl.ms<br />
=pupe<br />
=instr<br />
ne=<br />
2sg=<br />
yum1Ra<br />
get.angry<br />
-ta<br />
-caus<br />
=ikua<br />
=reas<br />
yene=<br />
1pl.incl=<br />
yaRa<br />
master<br />
Dios<br />
God<br />
‘Do you grieve with all your heart because you have angered our Lord God with your sins?’<br />
(example (6.36a))<br />
When =ikua occurs, it is always the rightmost element in its phonological word, coming outside<br />
<strong>of</strong> derivational morphology (as in (2.69)) as well as other enclitics, as in (2.70).<br />
(2.70) nesaSitatipa upakatu nIĩyamukuikatu yenepapa dios, upakatu maRainkana neukuataRaSi,<br />
RaeRasemaikatuikua?<br />
ne= saSita =tipa upa =katu ne= ĩya =mukui =katu yene= papa dios<br />
2sg= love =interr all =intsf 2sg= heart =com =intsf 1pl.incl= father God<br />
upa =katu maRain =kana ne= ukuata =RaSi Ra= eRa =semai =katu<br />
all =intsf thing =pl.ms 2sg= pass.by =nass 3sg.ms= good =verid =intsf<br />
=ikua<br />
=reas<br />
‘Do you love our father God with all your heart, even though anything may happen to you,<br />
because he is really truly good?’<br />
(example (6.35a))<br />
Although the clause-linking function <strong>of</strong> =ikua is restricted to its appearance with predicates,<br />
=ikua may also attach to nouns, pronouns and interrogative words to license oblique arguments.<br />
In this function =ikua most commonly co-occurs with maRai ‘what’, to yield the interrogative word<br />
maRaikua ‘why’ (see §2.3.5.2). It is attested once in the ecclesiastical texts in this function, attaching<br />
to the pronominal proclitic yene= 1pl.incl, as in (2.71).<br />
(2.71) yeneikua RasusanaRaSi, cruzaRi tak1tamai RaumanuRaSi 1m1nua (muRa).<br />
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