draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
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‘To Heaven, so that they may live forever happy.’<br />
(example (6.20b))<br />
This purposive marker is frequent in the ecclesiastical texts, and, notably, the modern Omagua<br />
purposives -taRa and -miRa are absent (see footnote 88). Proto-Omagua-Kokama *=tsenuni, also<br />
a purposive marker, grammaticalized from a morphologically independent Tupí-Guaraní spatial<br />
postposition meaning ‘ahead <strong>of</strong>’ (see Jensen (1998:514), who reconstructs this form as **enoné).<br />
2.3.7.1.2 Negative Purpose =maka The purposive marker =maka is a verb-final enclitic that<br />
attaches to the verb <strong>of</strong> a supporting clause that describes an event that serves as the purpose for<br />
the realization <strong>of</strong> the event described by the main (focal) clause. Notably, in =maka purposives,<br />
the event described in the focal clause is undertaken so that the state <strong>of</strong> affairs described in the<br />
supporting clause will not be realized. This is shown in (2.59).<br />
(2.59) maRitipa awakana yaw1k1aRi 1p1pemai tata tupak w aRape Ranausumaka?<br />
maRi =tipa awa =kana yaw1k1 =aRi 1p1pe =mai tata tupa<br />
what =interr person =pl.ms do =impf be.inside =inact.nomz fire place<br />
=k w aRape<br />
=iness<br />
Rana=<br />
3pl.ms=<br />
usu<br />
go<br />
=maka<br />
=neg.purp<br />
‘What should people do in order to not go to Hell?’<br />
(example (6.28a))<br />
In a closely related function, =maka appears in a clause similar to English ‘lest’, as in (2.60).<br />
(2.60) ename neiSaRi tanu ukukuimaka eRas1mamai.<br />
ename ne= iSaRi tanu ukukui =maka eRa -s1ma<br />
proh 2sg= abandon 1pl.excl.ms fall.from.height =neg.purp good -core.neg<br />
=mai<br />
=inact.nomz<br />
close: ‘Don’t abandon [us] lest we fall [into] evil.’<br />
target: ‘Lead us not into temptation.’<br />
(example (4.6)) 89<br />
The negative purposive =maka is not attested in modern Omagua, and because <strong>of</strong> this absence<br />
our analysis <strong>of</strong> =maka as a clitic is based only on analogy to =senuni. Kokama-Kokamilla exhibits<br />
a cognate in its ‘postponed prohibitive’, which attaches to verbs in monoclausal sentences and<br />
is analyzed as a suffix (Vallejos Yopán 2010a:564-566). Its use in (2.60) may be most closely<br />
related to the Kokama-Kokamilla function. We have not located cognates in any other Tupí-Guaraní<br />
languages. Synchronically, Omagua encodes negation in purposive clauses via a combination <strong>of</strong><br />
either the clausal negator Rua or the prohibitive inami with the positive purposive marker =sInuni.<br />
2.3.7.2 Non-assertive Marker =RaSi<br />
The VP-final enclitic =RaSi indicates that the event described by the clause in which it appears is<br />
not asserted. Translations <strong>of</strong> these clause-types in English may include a variety <strong>of</strong> clause-linkers –<br />
89 Here we maintain the close and target translations for better clarity.<br />
43