draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley

‘To Heaven, so that they may live forever happy.’
(example (6.20b))
This purposive marker is frequent in the ecclesiastical texts, and, notably, the modern Omagua
purposives -taRa and -miRa are absent (see footnote 88). Proto-Omagua-Kokama *=tsenuni, also
a purposive marker, grammaticalized from a morphologically independent Tupí-Guaraní spatial
postposition meaning ‘ahead of’ (see Jensen (1998:514), who reconstructs this form as **enoné).
2.3.7.1.2 Negative Purpose =maka The purposive marker =maka is a verb-final enclitic that
attaches to the verb of a supporting clause that describes an event that serves as the purpose for
the realization of the event described by the main (focal) clause. Notably, in =maka purposives,
the event described in the focal clause is undertaken so that the state of affairs described in the
supporting clause will not be realized. This is shown in (2.59).
(2.59) maRitipa awakana yaw1k1aRi 1p1pemai tata tupak w aRape Ranausumaka?
maRi =tipa awa =kana yaw1k1 =aRi 1p1pe =mai tata tupa
what =interr person =pl.ms do =impf be.inside =inact.nomz fire place
=k w aRape
=iness
Rana=
3pl.ms=
usu
go
=maka
=neg.purp
‘What should people do in order to not go to Hell?’
(example (6.28a))
In a closely related function, =maka appears in a clause similar to English ‘lest’, as in (2.60).
(2.60) ename neiSaRi tanu ukukuimaka eRas1mamai.
ename ne= iSaRi tanu ukukui =maka eRa -s1ma
proh 2sg= abandon 1pl.excl.ms fall.from.height =neg.purp good -core.neg
=mai
=inact.nomz
close: ‘Don’t abandon [us] lest we fall [into] evil.’
target: ‘Lead us not into temptation.’
(example (4.6)) 89
The negative purposive =maka is not attested in modern Omagua, and because of this absence
our analysis of =maka as a clitic is based only on analogy to =senuni. Kokama-Kokamilla exhibits
a cognate in its ‘postponed prohibitive’, which attaches to verbs in monoclausal sentences and
is analyzed as a suffix (Vallejos Yopán 2010a:564-566). Its use in (2.60) may be most closely
related to the Kokama-Kokamilla function. We have not located cognates in any other Tupí-Guaraní
languages. Synchronically, Omagua encodes negation in purposive clauses via a combination of
either the clausal negator Rua or the prohibitive inami with the positive purposive marker =sInuni.
2.3.7.2 Non-assertive Marker =RaSi
The VP-final enclitic =RaSi indicates that the event described by the clause in which it appears is
not asserted. Translations of these clause-types in English may include a variety of clause-linkers –
89 Here we maintain the close and target translations for better clarity.
43