draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
draft manuscript - Linguistics - University of California, Berkeley
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Table 2.16: Order <strong>of</strong> Modern Omagua Prenominal Modifiers<br />
quant dem num poss= noun<br />
The quantifiers upa, upai and amua are attested in Old Omagua. The distribution <strong>of</strong> upa ‘all’<br />
and upai ‘every’ is widespread, i.e., upai is not limited to a small number <strong>of</strong> frozen expressions<br />
(see footnote 70). This evidence, in combination with that from Kokama-Kokamilla, leads us to<br />
reconstruct Proto-Omagua-Kokama *upa ‘all’ and *upai ‘every’. Under this account, *upai > upi<br />
in Kokama-Kokamilla (following expected monophthongization processes (O’Hagan and Wauters<br />
2012)) and came to semantically encomopass upa ‘all’, pushing it out altogether. In Omagua, the<br />
opposite process occurred, wherein *upa ‘all’ came to semantically encompass upai ‘every’, nearly<br />
pushing out the latter except for the small set <strong>of</strong> frozen expressions described above.<br />
2.3.2.2 Noun-Noun Modification<br />
Nouns may be modified by another noun, in which case the head follows the modifier, as in (2.36).<br />
(2.36) uyaw1R1 RauRiaRi aikiaRa tuyuka Ritama upapupekatu.<br />
uyaw1R1<br />
again<br />
Ra= uRi =aRi aikiaRa tuyuka Ritama upa =pupekatu<br />
3sg.ms= come =impf dem.prox.ms land village end =temp.ovrlp<br />
‘He will come again when the Earth ends.’<br />
(example (6.23b))<br />
A frequent use <strong>of</strong> noun-noun modification in modern Omagua is in the derivation <strong>of</strong> male and<br />
female terms for animal names that either lack a gender distinction or are specific to the opposite<br />
gender, e.g., yapIsaRa ‘man’, atawaRi ‘hen’, but yapIsaRa atawaRi ‘rooster’.<br />
2.3.2.3 Modification via Nominalization <strong>of</strong> Stative Verb<br />
Nouns may be modified by a nominalized stative verb, as shown in (2.37). In the Old Omagua texts,<br />
nominalized stative verbs typically precede their head, although in modern Omagua the distribution<br />
is the opposite.<br />
(2.37) 1watimai Ritamakate Rausu 1m1nua.<br />
1wati =mai Ritama =kate Ra= usu 1m1nua<br />
be.high.up =inact.nomz village =all 3sg.ms= go long.ago<br />
‘He went to Heaven.’<br />
(example (6.19b))<br />
Interestingly, two Old Omagua roots appear to function as adjectives, i.e., they modify nouns<br />
without additional derivation, in which function they are only attested prenominally. These are eRa<br />
‘good’ and ayaise ‘wicked’ (recruited by Jesuit authors to convey notions <strong>of</strong> ‘bad’ and ‘evil’ (see<br />
footnote 146)), the former shown in (2.38). In modern Omagua, the reflexes <strong>of</strong> these forms, IRa and<br />
aisI, are stative verbs that must be nominalized in order to modify a noun.<br />
(2.38) upakatu yenesawakai upai ayaise yeneyaw1k1maipuRakana weRanu Rakumesasenuni RauRiaRi.<br />
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